Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure

ABSTRACT

Metallic vapor phase fuel compositions relating to a broad spectrum of pollution reducing, improved combustion performance, and enhanced stability fuel compositions for use in jet, aviation, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustion applications include co-combustion agents preferably including trimethoxymethylsilane.

The present invention is a CIP of my U.S. application Ser. No. 8/986,891(Fuel Compositions Exhibiting Improved Fuel Stability, filed Dec. 8,1997) and relates to a broad spectrum of pollution reducing, improvedcombustion performance, and enhanced stability fuel compositions for usein jet, aviation, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustionapplications. More particularly, the present invention relates to fuelcompositions employing certain co-combustion agents, includingtrimethoxymethylsilane.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Growth in environmental concerns related to pollutants generated byhydrocarbon based fuels, especially emissions related to greenhousegases, has given raise to the need to find new fuels and methods ofcombustion capable of reducing such emissions, namely carbon dioxide,nitrous oxide (NxO), NOx, methane, ozone, CFC's, halons and similargases. Increases of nitrous oxide gases occurring post exhaust catalysthave recently been discovered. Similar to CFC's, nitrous oxides areabout a 1000 times more potent than CO2 in their adverse effect. It hasbeen found the effect of the exhaust catalyst, itself, may actually tendto increase the concentrations of nitrous oxides. Thus, there is acurrent need to reduce overall nitrous oxide emissions and additionallyfind a means reducing the effect the exhaust catalyst has uponincreasing said emissions.

International Patent Applications, PCT/US95/02691, PCT/US95/06758, andPCT/US96/09653, incorporated in their entirety herein by reference,speak to a new form of combustion known as metallic vapor combustion,wherein combustion does not take place on the surface of the metal, oron and/or within the molten layer of oxide covering the metal, typicalof heretofore metallic combustion. Rather, combustion is characterizedas being highly, with a luminous reaction zone extending some distancefrom the metal's surface or the normal flame front, at a high burningrate, wherein metallic oxide particles are formed in the submicronrange.

This is a highly expansive brillant type of combustion, where forexample the laminar flame of a Bunsen burner shows an extended luminouszone to extend beyond the boundary of the normal flame front. Thiscombustion yields vastly accelerated flame/exhaust gas velocitiescompared to traditional combustion, in turn generating greater amountsof useable free energy.

Said PCT Applications disclose fuel compositions and combustiontechniques achieving vapor phase combustion based on an enhancedcombustion structure (“ECS”), which incorporates a free radicalgenerating oxygenate compound(“ECS oxygenate”) and a high energycombustible non-lead metallic, preferably an “ECS metallic” containingECS structure. Applicant's metallic together with an ECS compound yieldvapor phase combustion. In the aforementioned Applications and hereinmetallic shall mean at least one non-leaded element or derivativeorganic or inorganic compound containing said non-lead element, selectedfrom the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A,4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements (CASversion), and mixture, wherein said element or derivative compound, iscombustible, and optionally has a minimum heating value of 4,000Kcal/kg, and wherein vapor phase combustion occurs. As noted, in theaforementioned Applications and herein, an ECS metallic is a metalliccapable of increasing burning velocity and/or reducing combustiontemperature. It is any non-lead metallic (or non-metallic) which may beemployed in the practice of this invention. Said metallic may beemployed with hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel, absent an ECS compound.

As set forth herein “ECS metallic” can be read as any non-lead metallic(and non-metallic as set forth below), or any organic or inorganicderivative thereof, which accomplishes the vapor phase combustion objectof this invention. As set forth in the disclosure below ECS metalliccontemplates any metallic or non-metallic accomplishing this object. AnECS metallic need not contain ECS structure (e.g. high kinetic energyfree radicals), albeit said ECS structure is preferred. A “non-leadelement or derivative” herein shall also be read as “ECS metallic.”

It is noted, a principal ECS metallic of the aforementioned PCTapplications was manganese, chiefly methylcyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl. Due to recent concerns over the neurotoxicity of manganesecombustion products, and the potential neurotoxicity of other combustionmetal oxides, a need exists to find a high energy, non-manganese,non-neurotoxic replacement ECS metallic or group of metallics capable ofachieving vapor phase combustion.

EXAMPLE A

A fuel composition containing hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel and atleast one organic or inorganic compound containing a non-lead element,selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB,2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements(CAS version), wherein said non-lead derivative compound simultaneouslyincreases combustion burning velocity and/or reduces combustiontemperature, wherein said composition is improved over the hydrogen orthe co-fuel alone; optionally showing improved thermal efficiency. Saidcomposition optionally containing an ECS oxygenate.

As noted, in the aforementioned Applications, Applicant has discovered,under these his combustion conditions, the metallic, itself, becomes anintegral and powerful agent in the combustion process, improvingcombustion thermal efficiencies, translating into improved fuel economy,net available, work, power generation, thrust, and the like (e.g.increased miles/gal. (kilometers/liter), increased flight range/Kg,increased kilowatts generated/liter), while simultaneously reducinghazardous pollutants.

In the context of this invention, Applicant generally refers to thermalefficiency in both its chemical and mechanical context, e.g. theefficiency of the chemical reaction and the amount of useful workgenerated in the system, e.g. free energy.

Applicant has found, thermal efficiency, particularly as measured as afunction of net useful work generated by the system is increased. Oftensubstantially.

For example, Applicant's has discovered thermal efficiency improvementsover existing unadjusted fuels and combustion systems to be on the orderof 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0% to 20%. And, depending upon thecircumstances (e.g. combustion systems, fuel configurations) averageimprovements can range from 2.0% to 5.0%, 5.0% to 10.0% or higher,withmodest improvements ranging from 0.05% to 1.0% to 2.0%. Exceptionalimprovements will range from 10%, 25% to 40%, 30% to 80%, or more.

In the context of this invention “unadjusted” fuels mean conventionalexisting hydrocarbon fuels concurrent to this invention, which have notbeen adjusted to improve burning velocity, increase latent heats ofvaporization, T-90 temperatures, mid range distillation temperatures,aromatic or sulfur contents. These value are variously set forth hereinand to the extent they are known in the industry incorporated herein byreference.

EXAMPLE B

The compositions of Example A, containing hydrogen or a hydrocarbon,wherein said composition's burning velocity and/or combustiontemperature permit said non-lead derivative compound to replace need foran ECS compound, however, said composition experiencing luminous vaporphase combustion.

EXAMPLE C

The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead derivative is asodium, potassium, phosphorous, boron, or silicon derivative, includingmixture.

EXAMPLE D

The aforementioned composition, wherein said non-lead derivative istrimethoxymethylsilane or homologue, analogue, isomer or derivative.

The aforementioned PCT Applications speak to the use of symmetricalalkyl carbonates (e.g. dimethyl carbonate “DMC”) as a preferred ECSoxygenate, which the art discloses as having potential hydrolytic orstability problems when in an acidic or aqueous environments. See forexample, EPO Application #91306278.2 Karas, which reasonably suggestsfuels containing a symmetrical diakyl-carbonate, like DMC, which havepH's perhaps 11 or lower, as being potentially problematic. Thus, thereis a need to mitigate this potential fuel stability problem.

Additionally, the use of less expensive longer chain or more complex,viscous fuels, e.g., heavy oils, heavy fuel oils, diesels, etc., haveattendant handling, emission and combustion problems, which warrantsolution, especially if solved simultaneously with the above relatedproblems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention resides in an improvement to the aforementionedPCT Applications, and simultaneously solves the noted problems. Namely,the invention reduces combustion greenhouse gases of C02, NOx, ozone,methane, and problematic chlororfluorocarbons and nitrous oxides. Theinvention, is particularly able to control and reduce NOx emissionsgenerated post exhaust emissions catalyst.

The invention also beneficially improves a broad class of combustionsystems and emissions in general, while simultaneously improving fueleconomy, flight range, thrust and/or power.

The invention more particularly relates to discovery of a class ofnon-manganese, non-toxic ECS metal and metalloid compounds, including acombination thereof, capable of achieving vapor phase combustion, butwhich do not have manganese's associated neurotoxicity problem.Metallics of particular interest include alkali/alkali earth metals,sodium, potassium, boron, aluminum, silicon and phosphorus.

The invention resides in the combination of metallics, metalloids(herein after nonlead element compounds “NLEC's” ) which includecombining an ECS metallic with and ECS co-combustion metal, metalloid,or carbon catalyst structurally similar to triemethoxymethylsilane ordimethyl-phosphite. Said catalyst is contemplated in combination withApplicant's ECS metallics to improve vapor phase burning, achieving theobjects of this invention.

The invention further resides in discovery of a means of maintainingstability of fuels containing symmetrical lower dialkyl carbonates,while simultaneously improving the handling of fuels containingalkali/alkali earth metals, which can be highly alkaline. In accordancetherewith, the fuel compositions of the present invention exhibitsimproved stability and handling attributes when the fuel compositionsare constructed to a weakly alkaline (7.5 to 11.0 pH), substantiallyneutral (6.5 to 7.5 pH), or slightly acidic (4.5 to 6.9 pH)environments, whether or not water is present. In such cases there is nohandling hazard or hydrolysis problem. Thus, in the case of symmetricallower dialkyl carbonate containing fuels, long term storage is possibleabsent any deterioration of stability. Likewise the handling hazards ofstrongly alkaline compositions due to the presence of alkaline oralkaline earth metals is additionally controlled.

Additionally, it has been discovered the presence of lower dialkylcarbonates and ECS metals in the fuel compositions of the presentinvention allow for the use of highly viscous base hydrocarbon fuels,which otherwise might not be used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

ECS Components

The free radical generating ECS oxygenates of this invention includeC2-C12 aldehydes (including aldehydic acids), C2-C12 ethers (includingether acids), C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides,C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-CIS esters (alkyl formates, acetates,diacetates, butyrates, etc.), othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates,C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates,C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides,hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids (including formic acids), amines,nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids(including C3 to C8 hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxymethyl ester of acetic acid, etc.), boric acids, orthoborates,hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, methyl esters,nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers. Applicant's ECS compoundsincreasing burning velocity and/or increase latent heat of vaporization,and those that are set forth in the aforementioned prior references areincorporated by reference.

Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds which include one to ten oxygenatoms are desireable, with to one to three oxygen atoms more desirable.If organic, those oxygenated compounds having carbon atoms of one to 20atoms are desireable, with one to ten more desireable, with one to fivebeing yet more preferred. Those with three atoms or less are mostpreferred. Compounds where oxygen represents 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, ormore, by weight are desired. Specific oxygenated compounds can be foundin detail in Organic Chemistry 6^(th) Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley& Sons, N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, OxfordUniversity Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S.Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lanqe's Handbook ofChemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992).

ECS oxygenates of particular interest (homologues, analogues,derivative, and isomers thereof), include tertiary hydrocarbyl ethers,including but not limited to methyl tertiary butyl ethers (MTBE), ethyltertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary methyl amyl ether (TAME), tertiarymethyl ethyl ether (TEME), ethyl, tertiary amyl ether; C1 to C6aliphatic alcohols, including but not limited to ethanol, methanol;lower diakyl carbonates, including but not limited to dimethyl carbonate(DMC) , diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethers having dual linkage (e.g.diethers), including but not limited to di-ethers, including methyal(methylene di methyl ether or dimethoxy methane), ethylal (diethoxymethane); carbons having multiple alkyloxy groups, including but notlimited to tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, anhydrides andhyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, including but not limited tomethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid.

Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds may be included in weight percentof the final composition in that amount, which results in optimal vaporphase combustion. Concentrations ranging from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.1,2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 percent weight byoxygen are contemplated. Other oxygen concentrations range from 0.01 to3.7, 0.1 to 80.0, 1.0 to 5.0, 1.0 to 10.0, 1.0 to 15.0, 1.0 to 20.0, 1.0to 30.0, 1.0 to 40.0, 1.0 to 53 percent oxygen by weight in thecomposition.

Preferred ECS structure/components (e.g. oxygenates, metallics, andhydrocarbon base, if any) are characterized as those yielding inprecombustion a significant portion of reactive high kinetic energy freeradicals (e.g. H, H₂, O, 00, CO, F, F2, F3, N, B, Be, BO, B2, BF, ALALO, CH3, NH3, CH, C2H2, C2H5, Li, KO, KOO, ONH, ON, NH, NH2, OCH₃,OCH,OCH₂, OH, Cl, CN, OCOO, COOH, C2H5OOC, CH3CO, OCH20, OCHCO, orCONH2), as a weight percent of their total precombustion vapors. Thus,components containing one or more of these radicals is desired.Preferred weight percent contributed by the substituent is equal to orgreater than 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, of the precombustion vapors.Similarly Applicant 's ECS compounds should contain one or more radicalsof same structure.

The preferred reactive high kinetic energy free radicals of thisinvention are those radicals that generate laminar bunsen flamevelocities in excess of 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90or more, cm/sec, (laminar bunsen burner flame with methanol at a 57.2cm/sec bench mark), more preferably in excess of 50, 60, 65, or 70cm/sec., and ideally those having at least one free or unused valencyelectron; said ideal radical is characterized as being a chain carrierin the main chain reaction of combustion, effectively disassociating andre-associating during combustion. As used herein flame velocity orpropagation is the art definition, which can be defined as thevolumetric velocity of the stream of the combustible mixture divided bythe surface of the inner cone of a laminar Bunsen flame. As contemplatedherein and in the examples below, said noted flame velocities (for ECScompound) may be translated to the finished fuels themselves (e.g.finished fuels may have a burning velocity of 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,64, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90 or more, cm/sec. As contemplated herein, theselaminar flames values are measured using the internal angle of theBunsen flame, which are parallel to the external vertical (flowing)flame wall to the peak of the flame head, thus compensating for theluminous zone, which masks the normal outer edge and peak of the flamehead of the flame which may also be used to measure flame velocities(see FIG. 1).

Thus, the preferred ECS oxygenates, metallics, and/or hydrocarbon bases,if any, have higher relative flame velocities. As a rule, when combustedin air (as a function of their own constitution and as measured in alaminar Bunsen flame), flame velocities should equal or exceed 32, 33,34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100,110, 120, 130, 140, 150 cm/sec., with those exceeding 40, 41, 42, 43,45, 47, or more, preferred. The higher the burning velocity the better.It is recognized individual ECS oxygenates may have higher burningvelocities than individual metallics, compared to hydrocarbon basefuels. However, ESC oxygenate/metallic combinations should havesynergistic laminar burning velocities preferably exceeding 48, 50, 55,60, 65, 70, or more cm/sec.

FIG. 1

FIG. 1 shows the method of calculating laminar burning'¹ velocity (LHVor BV) employing a Bunsen Burner, and the differences seen between aconventional (clear), fuel flame compared to a luminous flame. Burningvelocity is calculated as ½ Sin of the interior angle (θ) at the head ofthe flame (times) the gas velocity (VG), or BV.

Laminar Flame Velocity (LFV) and Burning Velocity (BV) areinterchangeable terms herein. In the case of luminous flames, 0measurements (the angle found at the flame peak) are made inside belowthe luminous portion of the flame (see FIG. 1).

BV calculations may be adjusted for temperature and pressure. Higherpressures reduce measurable BVs while higher temperatures increase them.As provided herein, BV values herein are those that would be equivalentto those with methanol being benchmarked at 57:2 cm/sec.

Preferred latent heats of vaporization of ECS components (e.g.oxygenates, metallics, and/or hydrocarbon bases) at 60° F. are thoseequal to or greater than 60, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 1,05, 110, 115,120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 150, 160, 165, 170, 180, 190,200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 270, 290, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425,450, 475, 500 btu/lb, or more. Those greater than 100, 115 btu/lb aremore desireable. Alternatively, preferred latent heats of vaporization(enthalpy of vaporization at boiling point) equal to or greater than 21,22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43,45, 47, or higher, jK mole⁻¹ are desireable, with those' no less than28.0 jK mole⁻¹, more desireable. The higher the latent heat ofvaporatization the better. It is an embodiment of this invention toemploy hydrocarbon bases having enhanced LHV's (see below).

The ECS non-lead metals, metalloids, non-metals (herein “metals ormetallics”) are those which are combustible and which having highheating value, exceeding 2,000 to 6,000, 6,500, 7,000, 7,500, 8,000,8,500, 9,000, 9,500, 10,000, 10,500, 11,000, 12,000, or more, Kcal/kg,and which contain at least one element selected from the groupconsisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium,cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine,iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel,niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc,praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium,scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium,zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium,uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium,ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium,curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold, dysprosiutn,californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, erbium, thulium,arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium, polonium, lutetium,astatine, mixture thereof, including organic and inorganic derivativesthereof (as set forth in more detail below).

The preferred metals herein have oxides whose heats of formation arenegative, and should be equal or exceed (e.g. be more negative) about−10,000 to −75,000 calories/mole. More preferred are those equal orexceeding −100,000 to −400,000 gr calories/mole, and greater (morenegative). Simple oxides containing one or two oxygens may have heats offormation equal or exceeding −50,000 to −200,000, or greater,calories/mole are acceptable.

Vapor Phase Combustion

This invention contemplates a vapor phase form/method of combusting ametallic, wherein said method comprises: introducing kinetic freeradicals having enhanced combustion structure (ECS) into a combustionchamber; igniting and combusting a flammable metallic or metal compoundin presence of said free radicals at temperature below said metal'soxide boiling point and preferably above said metal or metalliccompound's boiling point; combusting said metal wherein acceleratedburning occurs, as evidenced by a brilliant luminous reaction zoneextending some distance from the metal 's surface; wherein metallicoxide particles resulting from combustion are in submicron range and/orremain in a gaseous state.

The composition's ingredients and proportions are tailored to accomplishthis objective. Varying compositions and ingredients will necessarilyyield differing results. However, in the claims below providing forvapor phase combustion, the ingredients and ranges are at a minimumoptimized/arranged to achieve this result.

Non-Toxic ECS Metals

It is an object of this invention to eliminate neurotoxic manganese orother hazardous metal oxides of combustion, including concentrationsthereof deemed to be toxic. It is a principal object of this inventionto use metals and metal combinations, whose combustion product, oxides,carbonates, etc., are relatively non-toxic and absent neurotocity.

However, it is expressly recognized differing metals, and metallicblends yield different combustion products. Differing ECS metallicapplications will results in different combustion products. In someapplications and compositions the metal combustion products generatedmay be toxic. Yet in other compositions, and/or applications, the samemetallic or metallics may elicit essentially non-toxic combustionproducts.

Thus, it is expressly contemplated differing applications of the samemetal, or differing metals acting together in combustion may producenon-toxic combustion products, while in other circumstances wouldproduce toxic combustion products.

It is contemplated certain risk metals generating potentially toxiccombustion products may be employed in applications where risk isacceptable, e.g. advanced jet, rocket, or outer space applications.Thus, metallics hazardous on earth could be employed in space.

It is also contemplated manganese containing metallic may be included insmall concentrations in a mixture with non-manganese metallics. Forexample, methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl may be added insmall concentrations, perhaps as an anti-knock enhancer in the case ofgasoline. It may be included in other fuels as well.

In the practice of this invention alkali/alkali earth metals, whosemetal oxides are non-toxic are preferred. Particularly preferred metalsinclude lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, andcalcium. More preferred are lithium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.

Other non-lead, non-manganese metals, whose combustion product ismoderately to relatively non-toxic, and desireable in the practice ofthis invention, include: aluminum, boron, bismuth, cerium, gallium,lithium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfur,chlorine, indium, iron, copper, zinc, silicon, iodine, cobalt,molybdenum, nitrogen, praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium, fluorine, tin,titanium, chromium, selenium, vanadium, boron, nickel, niobium,germanium, ytterbium, yttrium, zirconium. Blends of these metals,including their derivative compounds are contemplated.

However, slightly more desirable metals include: aluminum, boron,bismuth, calcium, cerium, cesium, gallium, lithium, potassium, sodium,magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, silicon, indium, molybdenum, nitrogen,potassium, praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium, tin, titanium, selenium,boron, germanium, ytterbium, yttrium, zirconium.

Even more desirable are aluminum, lithium, potassium, sodium, boron,potassium, magnesium, silicon, nitrogen, selenium, boron, and germanium.

It is an embodiment of this invention to substitute Applicant snon-toxic metallics for Mn in the aforementioned PCT Applications.

Tests

Applicant conducted a series of horse power (HP) tests employing an aircooled honda 75 cc, four stroke engine, rated at 2 horse power on aDYNOJET MODEL 100 DYNAMOMETER and found increases in HP above theengine's rate HP for certain compositions. Increased HP is an indicationthat the fuel would also show improvements in emissions, fuel economy,thrust, flight range, and the like, if measured. For purpose of thistest only HP was measured. Certain test fuels required blending agents.

The tests were conducted to show changes in rated horse power due onlyto changes in fuel composition. For purpose of the test the bike'sgasoline tank was disconnected. Tests measurements were performed afterthe engine had been warmed up. After each test fuel, the carburetor wasdrained of excess fuel and flushed to avoid fuel contamination.

After warm up, the test procedure included bringing the warmed bike to astop (while engine operating) , ●then shifting the bike into first gearand engaging the transmission and rear wheel on the dynamometer, withoperator upon the bike. After shifting into second gear, the dynamometerwas activated and the throttle was immediately opened to “wide open.”The bike operated under full throttle until it reached a speed of about30 mph (in second gear), when the test was terminated. Below are examplefuels where improvement is indicated.

1. Base gasoline with 0.00156% vol methoxy-methylsilane

8. Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane

9. Base gasoline with 0.125% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane

10 Base gasoline with 0.25% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane

11 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane, 2.5% O2 wtDMC

12 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane, 3.5% O2 wtEthanol

13 Base gasoline with 0.00156% vol dimethyl-phosphite

14 Base gasoline with 0.003125% vol dimethyl-phosphite

15 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol dimethyl-phosphite

16 Base gasoline with 0.125% vol dimethyl-phosphite

17 Base gasoline with 0.25% vol dimethyl-phosphite

18 Base gasoline with 0.003125% vol dimethyl-phosphite, 2.7% O2 wt MTBE

19 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol dimethyl-phosphite, 2.5% O2 wt DMC

20 Base gasoline with 0.0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide

21 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide

22 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethoxide

23 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.7 vol % MTBE

24 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.5 vol % DMC

25 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.7% O2 wt MTBE

26 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.7% 02 wt MTBE

27 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.5% O2 wt DMC

28 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane

29 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane

30 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane

31 Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 2.7% O2 wt MTBE

32 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 2.5% O2 wt DMC

33 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 3.5% O2 wt Ethanol

34 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 0.003125 vol %trimethoxymethylsilane

35 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 0.03125 vol %trimethoxymethylsilane

36 Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 0.03125 vol %trimethoxymethylsilane

37 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 0.003125 vol % dimethylphosphite

38 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 0.25 vol %trimethoxymethylsilane, 2.7% O2 wt MTBE

39 Base gasoline with 0.25% volume[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, 0.25 vol % dimethylphosphite,2.5% O2 wt DMC

-   -   Base gasoline with 0.00625% volume hexamethyldisilane    -   Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume hexamethyldisilane

40 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.03125 vol %trimethoxy methylsilane, 2.5% O2 wt DMC

43 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.03125 vol%,trimethoxy methylsilane, 3.5% O2 .wt Ethanol

44 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.0625 vol %trimethoxy methylsilane, 2.0% O2 wt MTBE

45 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.003125 vol %dimethylphosphite, 2.5% O2 wt DMC

46 Base gasoline with 0.003125% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.0625 vol %dimethyl phosphite, 3.5% O2 wt Ethanol

47 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.0625 vol %dimethylphosphite, 2.2% O2 wt MTBE

48 Base gasoline with 0.03125 % wt potassium phenoxide, 0.03125 vol %dimethyl phosphite, 2.2% O2 wt MTBE

49 Base gasoline 0.03125% wt potassium tert-butoxide, 0.003125 vol %dimethyl phosphite, 1.5% O2 wt MTBE

Applicant's has found a synergism of Applicant's ingredients andcompositions. Synergisms appear to exist between trimethoxymethylsilane,base fuels, base fuels with DMC. Ethanol, and MTBE. Show similar resultsexist with dimethylphosphite. Like trimethoxymethylsilane,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, hexamethyldisilane, potassiumethoxide, potassium phenoxide, and dimethylphosphite show improvement inhydrocarbon bases alone, but better improvement when present with ECScompounds MTBE, DMC and Ethanol, and still better improvement wheneither dimethylphosphite and trimethoxymethylsilane are used with theother metallics, such as MMT.

Trimethoxymethylsilane and dimethoxyphosphite appear interchangeable incertain applications.

Practice

EXAMPLE 1

A non-toxic vapor phase combustion composition comprising:

-   -   1) an ECS oxygenate (preferably selected from a hydrocarbyl        ether, an alcohol, carbonate, or methylal/ethylal), 2) an ECS        metallic, preferably a non-neurotoxic ECS alkali/alkali earth        metallic derivative (preferably an.alkyloxide of potassium or a        potassium ferricyanide) , or a derivative of lithium, boron,        silicon, or aluminum, optionally; 3) a hydrocarbon, and/or        optionally a 4) a co-combustion catalyst (preferably a silicon        alkyloxy derivative, like trimethoxymethylsilane, or an        alkyl/dialkyl phosphite like dimethylphosphite.

EXAMPLE 2

The above examples, wherein the composition constructed to have a pHranging from 3.0 to 12.0, 3.5 to 11.5, 4.0 to 11.0, 4.5 to 11.5, morepreferably 5.5 to 9.5, even more preferably 6.5 to 6.9.

EXAMPLE 3

The above examples, wherein the ECS metallic is an alkali/alkali earthmetal (a non-limiting example, potassium ethoxide) and the co-combustionagent is a phosphorus derivative (non-limiting example dimethyl ordiethyl phosphite), wherein the composition has a pH equal or less than10.5, 9.5, 8.5, 7.5, but greater than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.0, (substantiallyneutral is preferred).

EXAMPLE 4

The above Examples, wherein the ECS metallic is selected from alkylmetal and alkyl earth metal salts, naptha's, ferricyanides,organo-metallics (optionally containing oxygen and/or nitrogen) andderivative compound, including potassium alkanols, potassium alkyloxides, e.g. potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassiumpropoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassiumsec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassiumtert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, etc. Other non-limiting examples ofpotassium salts include potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassiumhydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassiumpyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate,potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid),potassium acetates, potassium formates, potassium diphenylphosphide,potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoicacid potassium salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassiumnapthenate. Corresponding sodium, lithium, rubidium, cesium compoundsare contemplated. Mixtures are contemplated.

EXAMPLE 4A

The above examples, wherein said ECS metallic is selected from potassiumethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium phenoxide, potassiumacetate, potassium napthenate and mixture.

EXAMPLE 4B

The above examples, wherein said fuel contains a TMMS co-combustioncatalyst.

EXAMPLE 4B

The above examples, wherein said fuel contains stabilizer selected fromTMMS, toluene, glycols, glycol ethers and mixture.

EXAMPLE 4C

The above examples, wherein the ECS component is oxygenated, selectedfrom C2-C12 aldehydes (including aldehydic acids), C2-G12 ethers(including ether acids), C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters (alkyl formates,acetates, diacetates, butyrates, etc.), othroesters, C3-C12 diesters,C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkylcarbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkylcarbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganicperoxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids (including formic acids),amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids(including C3 to C8 hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxymethyl ester of acetic acid, etc.), boric acids, orthoborates,hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetate's, acetyls, nitrates,di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, homologues, analogue, derivative and mixture.

EXAMPLE 5

The above Examples, wherein the ECS metallic is selected from a siliconderivative including: [2-(cyclohexenyl) ethyl]triethoxysilane_(v)cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylene-diamine,N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl)diethylenetriamine,N-(3(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-ethylenediamine,1-(trimethyl(silyl)-pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol,octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyl-disilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane,allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane,tetrabutylsilane, etc.), 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane,benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltri-methylsilylamine,diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethyl-silyl)cyclopentadiene,including homologues, analogues and derivative thereof.

EXAMPLE 5A

A fuel composition containing an ECS oxygenate increasing burningvelocity and/or reducing combustion temperature, optionally selectedfrom MTBE, ETBE, DMC, DEC, methylal, ethylal, methanol, ethanol, ormixture, and an ECS metal selected from methylcyclopentadienylmanganesetricarbonyl, [2-(cyclbhexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane,cyclohexenyl/dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolidine, triphenyl>>silanol,octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane,allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane,tetrabutylsilane, etc.), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,diphenyl-silanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene,potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassiumisopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassiumtert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassiumphenoxide, potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenpht′halate,potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid,potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassiumbenzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoicacid), potassium acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassiumtrimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acidpotassium salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate,potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III),potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt,potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.

EXAMPLE 6

The above examples, wherein the ECS metallic is selected from a spiralcompound based upon ferricyanhydric acid derivatives, namelyferricyanides. See Dictionary of Chemical Solubilties, supra, pages334-342, which lists various ferrocyanides (as herein providedferrocyanides include cyanoferrates, ferricyanides, and the like),incorporated herein by reference. Alkali and alkali earth metalferrocyanides are desireable. Transition metal ferrocyanides aredesireable. Nitrogen ferrocyanides are desireable. Non-limiting examplesinclude: potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) are desireable. Non-limiting examples include potassiumhexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium Hexacyanocobalt III, potassiumhexachloroosmate (IV), potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV), potassiumhexafluorosilicate, potassium hexafluoromanganate (IV), potassiumHexaflourozirconate. potassium hexathiocyanatoplatinate (IV), potassiumsodium ferricyanide, potassium hexacyanoplatinate, potassiumhexacyanoruthinate (Il)hydrate, potassium hexacyanoplatinate (IV),potassium hexafluoroaluminate, potassium hexafluoroarsenate, potassiumhexafluorophosphite, potassium hexafluorophosphite, potassiumhexafluorosilicate, potassium hexahydroxyantimonate, potassiumhexafluoro titante, Potassium copper ferracyanide, potassium cyanide,iron (III) ferrocyanide, sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate, magnesiumferrocyanide, magnesium potassium ferrocyanide. Naturally othercyano-spiral, including hexacyano compounds are contemplated.Substitutions for potassium and/or iron are also contemplated. Examplesof such substitution include potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), sodiumhexacyanocobaltate (III), etc. Structurally similar compounds,analogues, and homologues, etc., are incorporated herein by referenceand contemplated.

EXAMPLE 6a

The example of 5, 5A, 6, wherein said composition contains a solvent isselected from alkyl ketones (acetone, etc.), alkyl alcohols (methanol,ethanol, isobutanol), alkyl ethers, glycerols, alkanol amines(ethanolamine, etc.), and other solvent known in the art and solublewith said hexacyanides (herein incorporated by reference) , Applicant'sECS oxygenates, and optionally with a hydrocarbon (incorporated hereinby refer-ence). or other known solvent is employed capable of creating asolution, which is soluble in ECS oxygenate and/or a hydrocarbon base.

EXAMPLE 6b

The example of 6 and 6a, containing an ECS oxygenate in a combustionimproving amount, and

-   -   II) a combustion improving amount of a ferricyanide; and        optionally: III) a co-combustion catalyst, IV) hydrogen or a        hydrocarbon base fuel, V) an oxidizer, VI) a solvent;    -   wherein said composition is optionally VII) characterized as        having a pH of from 4.5 to 10.5; and    -   VIII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase composition        characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone        extending from surface of said element.

EXAMPLE 6c

The example 6, 6a and,6b, wherein the ECS oxygenate is selected from thegroup consisting of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, ethanol, methanol, DMC, EMC ormixture; the ferricyanide is optionally, a potassium based; thecomposition comprises a hydrocarbon base; and the composition optionallycontains a mutual solvent.

EXAMPLE 6D

A fuel composition containing an NLEC (MMT) and a compound selected fromtriemethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite,ethoxytrimethylsilane,,isobutyltriethoxy-silane, tetramethylsilane;dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2butyldenamino-oxy)silane,′tetraalkyloxysilanes,tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, a dialkylphosphites,dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites,trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributyl-phosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate,diethylmethyl-phos-phonate, P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-orthoacetate,trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylortho-formate,aikyloxymethanes, tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane,tetraethoxymethane, tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,tetratert-butoxy-methane, potassium pryophosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimethylorthobutyrate,triethylortho-butyrate, trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,dimethoxymethane, diethoxyethane, tetramethoxymethane,triethoxymethylmethane, tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane,trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacial acetic acid,acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, ethyl ester (acetyloxy)acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid hydrazide,ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyaceticacid, methoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of aceticacid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy ethyl ester of aceticacid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, oxoacetic acid, analkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid, methylesterhydro-xyacetic acid,ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid, propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkylacetates, methyl ester acetic acid, ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite,methyl ester of butanic acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid,2hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester ofbutanic acid, 2hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate,dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate,tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine oxide,triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic acid, dimethylphosphinic acid,ethyl diethylphosphinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl esterphosphonic acid, (1, 1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethylester phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethylesterphosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methylmonoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester phosphonic acid,methyl-0,0-dimethylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phosphoricacid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate,ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, triethyl esterester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, O,O,O,-triethyl esterphosphorothioic acid, diethylester phosphorous acid, dimethylesterphosphorous acid, tributyl ester pho′sphorous acid, triphenyl esterphosphorous acid, 0,O,S-tiethyl ester phosphorodithioic acid,2methyl-1,2,propanediol, 2methyl-2nitro-1,3,-propanediol,2methyl-2propyl-1,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2,propanediol,1,1′,1″,1′″-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetrakis propane, methylpropyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethyl propylether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether,1,1′-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis[2-methyl-propane,1-(1-methylethoxy)-propane, 2,2′,2″-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)]tris propane,1,1′,1″-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris[2-methyl propane, 2methyl-1-nitropropane, 2methyl-2nitro propane, hydracrylonitrile,1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,3-triethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2-pyrrolidinone, phenol, and mixture.

The above example where MMMT is combined with a combustion catalystselected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, di-methoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane,tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane,tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite(trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethyl-methylpHosphonate,diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium pryo-phosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacet.ate, tri-methylorthobutyrate,triethylorthobutyrate, tri-methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyldimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl) diethylenetriamine,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolidine,triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane,hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane,hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane,tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane,N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenyl-silanediol, dihexylsilanediol,(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassiumethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassiumbutoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassiumpentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, potassium saltof acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogensulfate,monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate,potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride,potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate,potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassiumphthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassiumL-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II),potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate,potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.

EXAMPLE 7

The example of 6, wherein said hexacyanide is preferably potassiumhexacyanoferrate (II) or (III), and optionally contains a mutualsolvent, optionally containing a co-combustion catalyst.

EXAMPLE 8

The Examples above, wherein the ECS oxygenated is methyl tertiary butylethers (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary methyl amylether (TAME), tertiary methyl ethyl ether (TEME), ethyl tertiary amylether; C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, including but not limited toethanol,, methanol; lower diakyl carbonates, including but not limitedto dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethers having duallinkage, including but not limited to methyal (methylene di methyl etheror dimethoxy methane), ethylal (diethoxy methane); carbons havingmultiple alkyloxy groups, including but not limited totetramethoxymethane, anhydrides and hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid,including but not limited to methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxymethyl ester of acetic acid.

EXAMPLE 9

A fuel composition comprising: I) an ECS oxygenate in a combustionimproving amount, and

-   -   II) a combustion improving, amount of at least one combustible        element or compound containing at least one element selected        from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth,        beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium,.        gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium,        manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium,        palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium,        silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium,        lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium,        hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium,        uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium,        ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium,        gadolinium, curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold,        dysprosium, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium,        erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium,        tellurium, polonium, lutetium, astatine, mixture thereof,        including organic and inorganic derivatives, and    -   III) a co-combustion catalyst, and    -   IV) optionally hydrogen or a hydrocarbon base fuel, and    -   V) optionally an oxidizer, and    -   VI) optionally wherein said fuel composition has a pH of from        4.5 to 10.5, and    -   VII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase composition        characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone        extending from surface of said element.

EXAMPLE 10

The fuel of Example 9, wherein the ECS oxygenate is selected from thegroup consisting of methyl tertiary butyl ethers, ethyl tertiary butylether, tertiary methyl amyl ether, tertiary methyl ethyl ether, ethyltertiary amyl ether, C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, dimethyl carbonate,diethyl carbonate, and mixture.

Co-Combustion Agent/Catalyst

As evident in the tests above, it has been found the combustion activityemploying Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds and metallics isunexpectedly improved by the combination of a co-combustion catalyst,such as trimethoxymethylsilane or dimethyl-phosphite.

As contemplated in the claims hereto, co-combustion agents may serve amultiple role, including acting as a stabilizing agents. As set forth ingreater detail below TMMS and other co-catalysts acts in combinationwith certain beneficial components to stabilize the fuel composition.Thus, as set forth herein a co-combustion catalyst can serve as astabilizing agent.

The co-combustion catalyst (combustion co-catalyst) is a combustiblecompound generally having a structure of M-r_(n), wherein M is a metal,metalloid, or non-metal. Selected M include, but are not limited to,carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium,nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antinomy, bismuth, sulfur, and wherein ris either an alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, or carboxyl radical, and wherein nis the number up to the number of valence electrons of M or the totalpossible number of radicals available.

If n is greater than one, then r1, r2, etc., may be a heterogeneous orhomogenous, an alkyloxy, nitro, or other radical, including an alkyl oraryl radical. If n is greater than 1, one or more r may be alkyl orcyclomatic radicals may be substituted. However, compounds with at leastone alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, or carboxyl radical are desired. Compoundscontaining a blend of alkyl or alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, carboxyl radicalsare contemplated. Thus, alkyloxymetallics and polyalkyloxymetallics areexpressly contemplated.

If r is greater than one, then one or more r may be substituted fordirect or indirectly connected ring systems, for example r1 may be aphenyl radical connected directly, or indirectly connected through analkyl group to M, where r2, r3, etc., may be an alkyloxy or alkylradical. Likewise, when more than one r may be substituted for sulfur,nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine, or other metal, metalloid or non-metal ofthis invention.

Preferred co-combustion catalysts have one or more alkyloxy, carboxyl,oxy, or hydroxy radicals. More preferred catalysts have one or morealkyloxy, oxy, carboxyl, hydroxy, radicals, and at least one alkylradical. A ring system radical may be substituted for the alkyl radical.

Non-limiting examples of co-combustion catalyst, including derivative,analogue, homologue and isomers thereof, include polyalkyloxysilaries:trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxy-silane,tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2butyldenamino-oxy)silane, tetraalkyloxysilanes (e.g.tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, etc.); alkylphosphites,polyalkylphosphites (e.g. dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite,dipropylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite,trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate,diethylmethylphosphonate, P-pyrophosphate, alkylphosphoramides,polyalkylphosphoramides e.g. hexamethylphosphoramide,hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide,hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, triethylphosphoramide,trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphosphoramide,triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphosphoramide,tri-isobutylphosphoramide, tri-sec-butylphosphoramide,tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide,dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH30)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide,dipropoxyphosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide,dibutoxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide,di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusamide,diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide (CH30)2PONH2),diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphosphoramide, diisopropylphosphoramide,dibutyl-phospnoramide, diisobutylphosphoramide,di-sec-butylphosphoramide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide,diphenylphosphoramide, dimethylethylphosphoramide,diethylmethylphosphoramide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide,diisopropyimethylphosphoramide, di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide,di-iso-butylmethylphosphoramide, di-sec-butylmethylphosphoramide,di-tert-butylmethylphosphoramide, diphenylmethyl phosphoramide),trimethyl-orthoacetate, trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthobutyrate,trimethylorthoformate; aIkyloxymethanes (tetramethoxy-methane,tetraethoxymethane, tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,tetratertbutoxy-methane, etc.), polyalkyloxymethanes; potassiumpryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylortho-butyrate, trimethylorthovalerate,trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane, diethoxyethane,tetramethbxymethane, tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane,trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, trimethoxymethylmethane,triethoxy-methylmethane, glacial acetic acids, including but not limitedto acetic anhydrides, (acetyloxy) acid, ethyl ester acetyloxy) aceticacid, aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid hydrazide, ammoniumacetate, acetoacetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid glycolic acid),methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, methoxy ethyl ester of aceticacid, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of aceticacid, ethoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of aceticacid, oxoacetic acid, alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid (including butnot limited to methylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-aceticacid, propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates including methylester acetic acid), ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester ofbutanic acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2-hydroxybutanic acid,3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of butanic acid,2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate, dipropylcarbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, tetranitromethane,triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine,diethyl-phosphinic acid, dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyldiethylphosphinic acid,diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl esterphosphonic acid, (1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethylester phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethylesterphosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methylmonoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester phosphonic acid,methyl-0,0-dimethylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phosphoricacid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate,ethylghosphate, trimethyl ester phosphoric acid, triethylester″″phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, 0,0,0,-triethyl esterphosphorothioic acid, diethylester phosphorous acid, dimethylesterphosphorous acid, tributyl ester phosphorous acid, triphenyl esterphosphorous acid,0,0,S-tiethyl ester phosphorodithioic acid,2methyl-1,2,propanediol, 2methyl-2nitro-1,3,-propanediol,2methyl-2propyl-1,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2

,propanediol, 1′,1′,1″-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetrakis propane,methyl propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethylpropyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether, tertiary butylmethyl ether, 1,1′-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis[2-methyl-propane,1-(1-methylethoxy)-propane, 2′,2″-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)]tris propane,1,1′,1″-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris[2-methyl propane, 2methyl-1-nitropropane, 2methyl-2nitro propane, hydracrylonitrile,1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-triethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2pyrrolidinone, and phenol. Similarstructured compounds of aluminum, gallium, germanium, nitrogen, andsulfur are contemplated and incorporated by reference.

It is to be appreciated not every possible combination of this inventionis available due to potential incompatibilities, and certaincombinations are more effective than others. Thus, it is contemplated awide range of substitution be made to best practice the invention. Wherenecessary mutual solvents are contemplated.

As contemplated herein and in the claims below, any reference totrimethoxymethylsilane (“TMMS”) or dimethylphosphite or co-combustioncatalyst contemplates substitution with one or more the above disclosedco-combustion catalysts, or any structurally similar compound. It iscontemplated the majority of the Applicant's ECS metallics (includingthose disclosed herein), including contemplated cyclomatic metallics,alkali/alkali earth metals, metal alkanols, metallic hexacyanides,inorganic metallics and non-metals alike, which achieve vapor phasecombustion on their own, can be benefited from simultaneous use ofco-combustion agent. Thus, it is an embodiment of this invention, andthe aforementioned PCT Applications, wherever an ECS metallic isdisclosed, that a co-combustion agent be additionally added.

EXAMPLE 11

A fuel composition comprising: 1) an ECS oxygenate, 2) a co-combustioncatalyst, and optionally: 3) a hydrocarbon or 4) an ECS metallic; saidfuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2,7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or6.5.

EXAMPLE 11A

A fuel composition comprising: 1) a hydrocarbon, 2) a co-combustioncatalyst, and optionally: 3) an ECS oxygenate, or 3) an ECS metallic;said fuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2,7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or6.5,

EXAMPLE 11B

A fuel composition comprising: 1) an ECS metallic; 2) a co-combustioncatalyst, and optionally: 3) a hydrocarbon, 4) an ECS oxygenate, saidfuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, .7-5, 7.4, 7.3,7.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0,6.2, or 6.5,

EXAMPLE 12

The composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, wherein the a co-combustioncatalyst is selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane,tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane,tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite,trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethylmethylphosphonate,diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium pryophosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimethylorthobutyrate,triethylorthobutyrate, trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,including homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixturethereof.

EXAMPLE 12

The fuel composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, wherein the co-combustioncatalyst is selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,dimethylphosphite, diethyphosphite, tetramethoxymethane,tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylmethane, triethoxymethylmethane,methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, tetranitromethane, and mixture.

EXAMPLE 13

The fuel composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, wherein the ECS oxygenateis optionally selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, methanol, ethanol,methylal, or mixture, and the ECS metal is a combustible compound isselected from (2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyldimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane,hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane,hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane,tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane,N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol,(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassiumethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassiumbutoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium.tert-butoxide, potassiumpentoxide, potassium tert-pent6xide, potassium phenoxide, potassiumsalt, of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassiumhydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassiumpyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate,potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid),potassium acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassiumtrimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acidpotassium salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate,potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III),potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt,potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.

EXAMPLE 14

A luminous combustion composition comprising:′

-   -   I) a combustion improving amount of at least one ECS compound,        said compound characterized as reducing combustion temperature        and/or increasing burning velocity, having a minimum latent heat        of evaporation of 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its boiling temperature, and a        minimum burning rate (as measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40        cm/sec, said compound optionally selected from the group        consisting of alcohols, aldehydes, amines, carbonic esters,        carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters,        ethers, di-ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, ketones, nitrates,        di-nitrates, peroxides, hydroperoxides, phenols, said compound        optionally containing at least one alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl,        dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate,        aldehyde, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy,        carboxyl, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl,        hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, methylenedioxy or nitrosyl radical,        including derivatives, analogues, and homologues, and mixture;    -   II) a combustion improving amount of at least one non-leaded        element or derivative organic or inorganic compound containing        said non-lead element, selected from the group consisting of 1A,        2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A        elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version), and        mixture, wherein said element or derivative compound, is        combustible and optionally has a minimum heating value of 4,000        Kcal/kg;    -   III) a combustion co-catalyst; optionally a:    -   IV) stabilizer,    -   V) a co-fuel and/or oxidizer;

VI) wherein a luminous reaction zone extends from the surface of saidnon-lead element or derivative compound in combustion, optionally, whereresultant oxides of said non-lead element are formed in the submicronrange; and

-   -   VII) wherein said composition has a thermal efficiency of at        least 2% greater than unadjusted co-fuel (if any)

EXAMPLE 15

A fuel composition comprising:

-   -   I) a, hydrocarbon fuel base; and    -   II) an ECS oxygenate selected from the group consisting of        C2-C12 aldehydes, aidehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, ether acids,        C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids,        C3-C15 esters, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols,        C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates,        C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl carbonates,        C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides,        hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates,        oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids,●C3 to C8 hyrodoxy        esters of acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of acetic        acid,acetic acid anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of acetic        acid, boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids,        anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, formic acids, nitrates,        di-nitrates, nitro-ethers; and    -   III) an ECS metallic selected from the group consisting of        [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl.        dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,        N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,        N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,        1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol,        octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,        hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane,        1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane,        hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes        (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, ′etc.),        3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane,        benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,        diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol,        (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassium        ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium        butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide,        potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium        phenoxide, potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium        hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium        acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium        dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride,        potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium        acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium        trimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic        acid potassium salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium        napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium        hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate,        potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium ferricyanide, or        mixture; and,    -   IV) optionally aco-combustion catalyst; and    -   V) optionally a hydrocarbon base; and    -   VI) optionally an oxider, and    -   VII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase composition        characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone        extending from surface of said element.

EXAMPLE 15A

The above examples, wherein said fuel optionally contains a viscoushydrocarbon base and/or an oxidizer. Said fuel further characterized ashaving a pH of 10.5 or less. When this fuel composition contains ahydrocarbon base, said base may have a viscosity outside normal industrystandards (as set forth above). However, resultant fuel's viscosity iswithin industry standards.

EXAMPLE 16

The example compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is selected fromMTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ESCmetal is optionally hexamethyldisilane.

EXAMPLE 17

The example compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is selected fromMTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ECSmetallic is optionally potassium ethoxide.

EXAMPLE 18

The fuel compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is selected fromMTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ECSmetallic! is optionally [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane.

EXAMPLE 19

The fuel compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is selected fromMTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ECSmetallic i.s optionally potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassiumhexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassiumhexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.

EXAMPLE 20

The above compositions, wherein the oxygenate is a dialkyl carbonate andthe pH is substantially neutral.

EXAMPLE 21

A fuel composition comprising:

-   -   I) a hydrocarbon fuel base, and    -   II) a co-combustion agent selected from the group consisting of        trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,        isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,        dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,        3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,        vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,        dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris (2-butyldenaminooxy) silane,        tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,        tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethyiphosphite,        dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutyiphosphite,        di-tert-butyiphosphite, trialkyiphosphites trimethyiphosphite,        triethyiphosphite, trilsopropyiphosphite, tributyiphosphite),        dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium        pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,        trimethylorthdbutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate,        trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including        homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture thereof.

EXAMPLE 22

A fuel composition comprising: a hydrocarbon base; a combustionimproving amount of an ECS metal is a combustible compound is selectedfrom methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane,benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl) ethylenediamine,N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane,hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane,hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane,tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane,N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol,(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassiumethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassiumbutoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassiumpentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, potassium saltof acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogensulfate,monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate,potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride,potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate,potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassiumphthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassiumL-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II),potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate,potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium ferricyanide, ormixture,optionally,a combustion improving amount of an ECS oxygenateselected from/MTBE, ETBE, DMC, methanol, ethanol, or mixture; optionallya co-combustion catalyst.

EXAMPLE 23

The composition of 21, wherein the ECS metallic is selected frompotassium ethoxide, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, potassiumhexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassiumhexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodiumferricyanide, or mixture.

EXAMPLE 24

The composition of 21, wherein an. ESC oxygenate is employed.

EXAMPLE 25

The composition of 21, containing a co-combustion agent iselected fromthe group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane,tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane,tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite,trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethylmethylphosphonate,diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium pryophosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimethylorthobutyrate,triethylorthobutyrate, trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,including homolgues, analogues, isomersj derivatives, and mixturethereof.

EXAMPLE 26

The example of various fuel compositions contained herein, containing ahydrocarbon base, whose viscosity is greater than acceptable′ industrystandards (as set forth above); wherein the resultant fuel compositionhas a pH of less than 11 (more preferrable less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5,9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but a above 4.5, 5.5, 6.0, 6.3, 6.5or the other ranges set forth herein, and wherein the resultant fuelmeets acceptable industry standards for viscosity.

EXAMPLE 27

An improved fuel composition containing an alkyl carbonate (dimethyland/or diethyl carbonate) an ECS metal selected from an alkali/alkaliearth metal derivative, and optionally a co-combustion catalyst, ahydrocarbon base or co-fuel(propellant), and/or oxidizer, wherein the pHas less than about 10.5, 9.0, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.9, or less, but greaterthan 4.5, 5.5, or 6.3.

Stabilizers

In the practice of this invention, certain metallic (non-metallic)formulations are hydroscopic or tend to destabilize particularly when incombination with hydrocarbon co-fuels. For example, Applicant has foundalkali/alkali earth metals to be particularly susceptible todestabilization, especially where there is a presence of water. Otherformulations need to be stabilized due to the presence of Applicant'singredients. Fuel destabilization can be undetectable, to mild, tosevere, and ultimately result in the complete fuel oxidation.

Thus, it is an embodiment to employ certain classes of stabilizers.Several are also act as co-combustion agents and/or ECS compounds.

Principal stabilizers include ployalkyloxysilanes, glycols, glycolethers, including alkylene glycols, glycol esters, glycol acetates, andaromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic solvents, including toluenes,naphthalenes, napthas and the like.

Non-limiting examples of contemplated polyalkyloxysilanes includetrimethoxymethylsilane, and those compounds, including homologue,analogue, isomers, and derivative, which are set forth above inco-combustion catalyst. Applicant has found TMMS is be particularlyuseful.

Non-limiting examples of glycols and glycol ethers contemplated hereininclude Polyhydric Alcohols (including derivative, homologue andanalogues thereof)

-   -   i. Dihydric Alcohols, Glycols, 1,2,-Diols        -   1. polyethylene mono/polyalkyl/aryl ethers        -   2. polyethylene mono/polyalkyl            ethers/esters/acetates/carbonates            -   a. ethylene/diethylen e alkyl/diakyl/aryl/alkylaryl                glycol ethers/acetates/carbonates        -   3. Carbitols™ ethers/acetates    -   ii. Trihdyric Alcohols, Glycerol, propane-1,2,3,triol    -   iii. Tetrahydric Alcohols    -   iv. Pentahydric Alcohols    -   v. Hexhydric Alcohols    -   vi. And derivative        -   B. Polyhydric Alcohol derivative, homologue and analogues    -   i. Aliphatic Hydroxy-Aldehydes    -   ii. Hydroxyketones    -   iii. Aliphatic Dialdehydes    -   iv. Ketonealdehydes/Diketones    -   v. Saturated Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids    -   vi. And derivative

Non-limiting examples contemplated herein include glycol esters,diesters, ethers, diethers, monesters, monethers, aldehydes, nitrates,nitrites, amines, acetates/carbonates. Suitable glycol ethers include C3to C25 combustible glycol/diglycol derivative, analogue, homologuecompounds, including glycol or polyglycolethers/acetates/esters/carbonate/carbamate/esters (hereinafter“GLYCOLS’), including but not limited to: diethylene glycol alkylethers, diethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, diethylene glycol aryl ethers,diethylene glycol alkyl ether acetates, diethylene glycol dialkyl etheracetates, diethylene glycol monoalkyl ether acetates, diethylene glycolaryl ether acetates, diethylene glycol alkyl acetates, diethyleneglycol,acetate, diethylene glycol diacetate, diethylene glycol formate,diethylene glycol diformate, diethylene glycol butyrate, diethyleneglycol dibutyrate, diethylene glycol dibenzoate′, alkyl●diglycolcarbonate, aryl diglycol carbonate, ethylene glycol alkyl ethers,″ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, ethylene glycol aryl ethers, ethyleneglycol monoalkyl ether acetates, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether acetates,ethylene glycol aryl ether acetates, ethylene glycol alkyl acetates,ethylene glycol acetate, ethylene glycol diacetate, ethylene glycolformate, ethylene glycol diformate, ethylene glycol butyrate, ethyleneglycol dibutyrate, ethylene glycol dibenzoate, ethylene glycol monoethylether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether laurate, alkyl diglycol′carbonate, aryl diglycol carbonate, ethylene glycol alkyl ether acetylricinoleate, ethylene glycol alkyl ether ricinoleate, ethylene glycolalkyl ether stearate, ethylene glycol monoricinoleate, ethylene glycolmonostearate, glycol carbonate, glycol′carbamate, glycol diacetate,glycol dibutyrate, glycol diformate, glycol dimercaptoacetate, glycoldimercaptopropioate, glycol dipropionate, glycol stearate, glycollaurate, glycolic acid, glycol nitrate, glycol oleate, glycol pht.halte,glycol ricinoleate, diglycol carbonate, diglycol carbamate, diglycoldiacetate, diglycol dibutyrate, diglycol diformate, diglycoldimercaptoacetate, diglycol dimercaptopropioate, diglycol dipropionate,diglycol stearate, diglycol laurate, diglycolic acid, diglycol nitrate,diglycol oleate,di glycol phthalte, diglycol ricinoleate, UnionCarbide's CARBITOL's™ (Examples include butyl CARBITOL, butyl CARBITOLacetate, CARBITOL acetate, CARBITOL solvent, dibutyl CARBITOL, diethylCARBITOL, N-hexyl CARBITOL, methyl CARBITOL, methyl CARBITOL acetate(see diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutylether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethyleneglycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, diethyleneglycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, 12-(2-Ethyloxyethoxy)ethanol, diethylene glycol monethyl C₆H₁₄40₃;Acetate C₈Hi₁₆O₄).

Other non-limiting examples of glycol ethers/acetates include Carbitols™ethers and acetates, ethylene/diethylene alkyl/diakyl/aryl/alkylarylglycol ethers/acetates/carbonates (and substitutes), C3 to C15 alkyleneglycol mono/poly alkylethers, including ethylene glycol monoalkylethers, diethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, ethylene glycol polyalkylethers, diethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers. Other non-limiting examplesof glycols and related compounds include alkyloxy polyethylene glycols,alkyloxypolyglycols, alkylbxypolyglycol ethers, alkylene glycolacetates, alkyleneglycols/esters/ethers/acetates/diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/nitriles,and the like, and polyalkyleneglycols/esters/ethers/acetates/diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/,nitriles,and the like.

Other non-limiting examples include: diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dipropyl ether,diethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether,diethylene glycol dipentyl ether, diethylene glycol dihexyl ether,diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether,diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monoisopropylether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monopentylether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethylether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dipropyl ether,ethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether,ethylene glycol dipentyl ether, ethylene glycol dihexyl ether, ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethyleneglycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monopentyl ether, ethyleneglycol monohexyl ether, methoxy diethylene glycol, ethoxy diethyleneglycol, propoxy diethylene glycol, butoxy diethylene glycol, methoxyethylene glycol, ethoxy ethylene glycol, propoxy ethylene glycol, butoxyethylene glycol, methoxyglycol, ethoxyglycol, propoxyglycol,butoxyglycol, pentoxyglycol, methoxydiglycol, ethoxydiglycol,propoxydiglycol, butoxydiglycol, pentoxydiglycol, methoxytriglycol,ethoxytriglycol, propoxytriglycol, butoxytriglycol, pentoxytriglycol,methoxytertglycol/ethoxytertglycol, propoxytertglycol, butoxytertglycol,pentoxytertglycol. Also contemplated are Union Carbide's Cellosolvesolvents, including Methyl Cellosolve, Ethyl Cellosolve, PropylCellosolve, Butyl Cellosolve, Pentyl Cellosolve, Hexyl Cellosolve; UnionCarbine's Carbitol solvents, including Methyl Carbitol, Ethyl Carbitol,Propyl Carbitol, Butyl Carbitol, Pentyl Carbitol, diethyl carbitol andthe like.

Additional non-limiting examples of other acceptable glycols include:triethylene glycol, 3-aminopropyl ether triethylene glycol, diacetatetriethylene glycol, monobutyl ether triethylene glycol, monomethyl ethertriethylene glycol, monopropyl ether triethylene glycol, tetraethyleneglycol, dibutoxytetraethylene glycol, diacetate tetraethylene glycol,aminopropyl ether tetraethylene glycols, monobutyl ether tetraethyleneglycol, monomethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, dimethyl ethertetraethylene glycol, diethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monoethylether tetraethylene glycol, monopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol,tetraethylenepent′amine, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycolmonopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycolmonomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycolmonobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triproylene glycol, tetraethyleneglycol, tetramethylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol (200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540, 4000, 6000 AshlandChemical), polyethylene glycol 3350 (Spectrum), polypropylene glycol(P400, P1200, P2000, P4000 Ashland Chemical), diacetate diethyleneglycol, diethyl ether diethylene glycol, dioleate diethylene glycol,mono (2 hydroxylpropyl) ether diethylene glycol, monomethyl etheracetate diethylene glycol. In the practice of this invention,homologues, analogues, isomers and derivative of the above arecontemplated. Other polyglycols including polypropylenegropylenediolslycol are contemplated. Applicant's Blending Agentsinclude all polyhydric alcohols (including derivative, homologue andanalogues thereof, including GLYCOLs, glycol ethers, acetates,carbonates, esters, GLYCEROLS, Ethythritol's and the like) as may be setforth in patents published by the U.S patent, EPO Publication, or withinthe literature, expressly including those found in CRC Handbook ofChemistry and Physics, Lide, 74th (all earlier and subsequent editions,Ann Arbor, CRC Press), Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Directory, AldrichChemical Company (1994 and subsequent editions), Catalog Handbook ofFine Chemicals (Aldrich 1996-1997 and subsequent editions), The AldrichStructure Index (Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee,Wis., 1996 and subsequenteditions), Handbook of Organic Chemistry, H.Beyer, W. Walter(PrenticeHall 1996), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), (including line RegistryFile [1]), American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstract Service, OhioState University, (From 1907 to present), The Merck Index, 11th Ed.,Budavari, O'Neil, Merck Research Laboratories, N.J. (1989 and subsequenteditions), Hawley's “Condensed Chemical Dictionary,” 12^(th) Edition,Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 1993, Handbook of Industrial Chemical Additive:An International Guide by Product Tradename, Function and Supplier (M.Ash and I Ash, VCH Publishers, NY, N.Y., 1991 and subsequent editions)are contemplated and are herein incorporated by reference. Polyhdyricalcohols (glycols) may simultaneously serve multiple roles, including asan ECS compound, a Blending Agent.

C3 to C15 alkylene glycol mono/poly alkylethers, including ethyleneglycol monoalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, ethyleneglycol polyalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers. Othernon-limiting examples of glycols and related compounds include alkyloxypolyethylene glycols, alkyloxypolyglycols, alkyloxypolyglycol ethers,alkylene glycol acetates, alkyleneglycols/esters/ethers/acetates/diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/,nitriles, and the like, and polyalkylene glycols/esters/ethers/acetates/diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/nitriles andthe like.

Other non-limiting examples include: diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dipropyl ether,diethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether,diethylene glycol dipentyl ether, diethylene glycol dihexyl ether,diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether,diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monoisopropylether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monopentylether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethylether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dipropyl ether,ethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether,ethylene glycol dipentyl ether, ethylene glycol dihexyl ether, ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethyleneglycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monopentyl ether, ethyleneglycol monohexyl ether, methoxy diethylene glycol, ethoxy diethyleneglycol, propoxy diethylene glycol, butoxy diethylene glycol, methoxyethylene glycol, ethoxy ethylene glycol, propoxy ethylene glycol, butoxyethylene glycol, methoxyglycol, ethoxyglycol, propoxyglycol,butoxyglycol, pentoxyglycol, methoxydiglycol, ethoxydiglycol,propoxydiglycol, butoxydiglycol, pentoxydiglycol, methoxytriglycol,ethoxytriglycol, propoxytriglycol, butoxytriglycol, pentoxytriglycol,methoxytertglycol, ethoxytertglycol, propoxytertglycol,butoxytertglycol, pentoxytertglycol. Also contemplated are UnionCarbide's Cellosolve solvents, including Methyl Cellosolve, EthylCellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve, Butyl Cellosolve, Pentyl Cellosolve,Hexyl Cellosolve; Union Carbine's Carbitol solvents, including MethylCarbitol, Ethyl Carbitol, Propyl Carbitol, Butyl Carbitol, PentylCarbitol, diethyl carbitol and the like. Additional non-limitingexamples of other acceptable glycols include: triethylene glycol,3-aminopropyl ether triethylene glycol, diacetate triethylene glycol,monobutyl ether triethylene glycol, monomethyl ether triethylene glycol,monopropyl ether triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol,dlbutoxytetraethylene glycol, diacetate tetraethylene glycol,aminopropyl ether tetraethylene glycols, monobutyl ether tetraethyleneglycol, monomethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, dimethyl ethertetraethylene glycol, diethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monoethylether tetraethylene glycol, monopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol,tetraethylenepentamine, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycolmonopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycolmonomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycolmonobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triproylene glycol, tetraethyleneglycol, tetramethylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol (200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540, 4000, 6000 AshlandChemical), polyethylene glycol 3350 (Spectrum), polypropylene glycol(P400, P1200, P2000, P4000 Ashland Chemical), diacetate diethyleneglycol, diethyl ether diethylene glycol, dioleate diethylene glycol,mono (2 hydroxylpropyl) ether diethylene glycol, monomethyl etheracetate diethylene glycol. In the practice of this invention,homologues, analogues, isomers and derivative of the above stabilizersare contemplated.

Other non-limiting examples include nonvolatile, nonion compounds,including alkylanoic acids (ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic,and hexanoic acids), their acetates, esters and ethers. Related ethenes,butenes, propenes, hexenes, pentenes are acceptable.

Other stabilizers of this invention may be selected from alcohols,ketones, ethers, esters, phenols, acetals, acid azides, acid halides,acids and acid derivatives (aldehydic, aliphatic dicaroxylic, alipaticmonocarboxylic, aliphatic polycarboxylic, amino acids, hydroamic,hydroxyacids, imidic, ketonic, nitrolic, orthoacids, peracid, etc.),acetic acids, acetic anhydrides, acetic acid esters, aldehydes,aliphatic hydrocarbons (including high boiling point material), amides,amidines, amidoximes, anhydrides, aromatic hydrocarbons, azides, azines,azelates, azo compounds, betaines, bromoactealdehydes, bromoethanes,bromoethylenes, bromoacetic acids, bromobutanes, bromobutenes,bromobutylenes, bromo ethers, di bromo compounds, butyric acids,butanoic acids, butanoic esters, esters, orthoesters, acetates, ethyleneacetates, esters, hydrates, hydrides, hydroperoxides, hydroxamic acids,hydroxyacids, imides, imidic acids, imines, ketenes, lactams, lactones,glycolic acids, butyric acids, heptic acids, valeric acids, isocaproicacids, nitrolic acids, nitrosolic acids, octanoic acids, esters ofoctanoic acids, onium compounds, orthoacids, ortho borates, octynes,octenes, octanones, oximes, esters of oxalic acid, oxalic acids,ethanoic acids, esters of ethanoic acids, esters of nonanoic acids,propanoic acids, esters of propanoic acid, pentanoic acids,propanediones, propanones, ethenes, propenes, butenes, pentanes,petenes, hexenes, esters of pentanoic acids, butanoic acids, oxalicesters, esters of butanoic acids, pentaneoic acids, esters of pentaneoicacids, pentanedioic acids, esters of pentanedioic acids, 2or3-pentanones, hexanoic acids, esters of hexnoic acids, heptanoic acids,esters of heptanoic acids, esters of formic acid, glycol esters,octenes, octanone(s), oxalic acids, esters of oxalic acids, esters ofhexanoic acid, hexanones, pentanedials, peroxides, furans, esters of2furancarboxylic, acids, fuirfurals, propenes, propenoic acids, estersof propenoic acids, ethers, butenedioc acids, bromo-alcohols,ethanetriols, propanetriols, butanetriols, pentanetriols, naphthalenes,hexanetriols, septanetriols, octanetriols, nitrobenzene, iodobenzene,2nitrophenol, cyclohexylamine, dibutylamine, diethylamine,diethylenetriamine, diethylethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, morpholine,triethylamine, triethylenetetramine, triisopropanolamine, amino methylpropanol, propylene oxide, propylene glycol, 1,2 propanediol carbonate,salicylic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, tannic acid,2,2,4-trimethylpentane, dimethylbenezenes, dimethyl formamide,n-methyl-2 pyrrolidone, amyl alcohol (primary), cyclohexanol,2-ethylhexanol, methyl amyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, TEXANOLester alcohol (Eastman Chemical), UCAR Filmer IBT (Union Carbide Corp.),amyl acetate, dibase ester, ester solvent EEP (Ashland Chemical),2-ethylexyl acetate, glycol ether acetates (DB, DE, DPM, EB, EE, PM,Ashland Chemical), isobutyl acetate, isobutyl isobutyrate, n-pentylpropionate, cyclohexanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanone,3-methyl-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone,diactone alcohol, diisobutyl ketone, ethyl methyl ketone, pinacolone,methone, 3,3-diphenyl 2-butanone, 1-hydroxy 2-butanone,3-hydroxy-(dl)2-butanone, 3-methyl 2-butanone, oxime 2-butanone,2-butanone, 2-methyl proponoic acid, cyclopentanone, cyclopropyl methylketone, 2-tetrahdrofurylmethanol, cyclohexanone, isophorone, methyl amylketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, acetonylacetone, acetic anhydride, benzylalcohol (a-hydroxytoluene) and variations, triisobutylene,tetraisobutylene, allylidene diacetate, acetol,1(4-methyoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, isobutyrophenone, acetonylbenzene,butyl acetate, aliphatic alcohols, n-butylbutyrate, cetyl alcohol,cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, diethylphthalate, 2,5dimethoxytetrahydofuran, p-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane,5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, glycol methylene ether, propylenecarbonate, isopropylene carbonate, glycerin, 1,2,3-propanetriol,heptane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, methycyclopentane,1,4-benzenediol, isopentyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone,4-methyl-2-pentanone, methyl propyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, 1- or 3-or 4- or 5 hydroxy 2-pentanone, diisopropyl ketone, methyl propylketone, diacetone alcohol, isopentyl phenyl ketone, 2-pentanone,diacetone alcohol, isopentyl phenol ketone, n-butyl phenol ketone,i-butyl phenol ketone, 2-butyl phenol ketone, isopropyl acetone, 2-or 3-or 4-methoxy phenol, dihydrate oxalic acid, pentane, phenol, 3-methoxyphenol, 1,2 or 1,3 or 1,4 or 2,4 or 2,5 or 2,6 or 3,4 or 3,5dimethyphenol, 1-octene, isobutyl 2-methylpropanate, 2-phenoxyethanol,ethylene acetate, ethyl acetate, acetonphenone, benzyl acetate, 1,3 or1,4 or 2,3 butanediol, formaldehyde, formamide, triethyl esterorthoacetic acid, trimethyl ester orthoacetic acid, oxalic ester(diethylester oxalic acid), methyl hydroperoxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, acetylperoxide, ethyl peroxide, di(tert-butyl) peroxide, acetic anhydride,2-ethyl butyl ester acetic acid, cresyl acetates, methylglycolate,methylester phenoxy acetic acid, nitrile acid, butyric acid, butanoicacid, 2-butyl butanoic acid, 2-ethyl butanoic acid, tert-butyl butanoicacid, butyl nitril, propyl ester butanic acid, diethyl acetic acid,acetonacetic acid, allyl acetoneacetate, diacetylacetone, acetylacetone,ethyl ester benzoic acid, butanic methyl ester, butanic ethyl ester,butanic propyl ester, isoamyl butyrate, propyl ester butanoic acid,hexyl ester butanoic acid, 2-methyl-(d)butanoic acid, 2-methyl-(dl)butanoic acid, ethyl ester 3-methyl butanoic acid, methyl ester 3-methylbutanoic acid, isopropyl ester 3-methyl butanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, allyl ester butanoic acid, amide butanoic acid,N,N-dimethyl butanoic acid, anhydride butanoic acid, butyl esterbutanoic acid, pentyl ester butanoic ester, propyl ester butanoic acid,diethylacetic acid, 2-methyl-(d)butanic acid, methyl acetoacetate, ethylacetoacetate, diethyl acetal, acetate, acetyl acetone, 2,2-dimethylether ester propanoic acid, 2-oxo ethyl ester propanoic acid, 2-oxomethyl ester propanoic acid, 2-oxo isobutyl propanoic acid,2-oxo-isopropyl propanoic acid, methyl ester propanoic acid, ethyl esterpropanoic acid, propyl ester propanoic acid, propanoic acid, glycericacid,.1,2 dimethoxethane, 1,2 ethanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 2,3butanedione, 1,2,3 butanetriol, 1,2,4 butanetriol, glutaric acid,glutaric anhydride, glutaronitrile, 1,5 pentanedial, glutaraldehyde, 2,4pentadione (CH3COCH2COCH3), pentanic acid, levulinic acid,(CH3COCH3COC02H), dimethyl suberate, octanedioc acid, 1,2,3pentanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, formamide, bromoacetic acid,acetamide, pyruvic acid, methyloxyacetic acid, propionamide, allylbromide, diethyl acetal propenal, diacetate propenal, propenal, 1,2propanediol, 1,3 propanediol, glycerol, trimethyl ether glycerol,acetylpropionyl, acetylacetone, propionic acid, methyloxyacetic acid,propionamide, maleic anhydride, eis-crotonic acid, dimethyl oxalate,isobutyric acid, hydroxyisobutyric acid, ethanetriols, propanetriols,butanetriols, pentanetriols, hexanetriols, septanetriols, 1,2,3butanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, 1,2,3 pentanetriol, 1,2,3 propanetriol,dioxypentane, 2,4-dioxypentane, hexantriols, monobutyl ether triethyleneglycol, propanoic acid, anhydride propanoic acid, butyl ester propanoicacid, ethyl ester propanoic acid, pentyl ester propanoic acid, octylester propanoic ester, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid,methacrylic acid, dibromobutanes (e.g. 1,2; dl-2,3; 1,4; meso-2,3; etc),tribromobutanes (e.g. 1,1,2; 1,2,2; 2,2,3; etc.), diacetamide,di(2-bromoethyl)ether, 2-ethylhexanol, furfuryl alcohol,.2-propanone,2-propen-1-ol, ethyl methanate, methyl ethanate, pentadioic acid,pentadioic acid diethyl ester, pentadioic acid dimethyl ester,pentadioic acid dinitril, 2,3-pentaedione, 2,4-pentadione,1,2,3-pentanetriol, pentanoic acid, pentanoic acid methyl ester,pentanoic acid butyl ester, pentanoic acid ethyl ester, pentanoic acidfurfuryl ester, pentanoic acid hexyl ester, pentanoic acid nitrile,pentanoic acid octyl ester, pentanoic acid pentyl ester. Also includedare alkyl/polyalkyl/alkylene/polyalkylene carbinols (non-limitingexamples include, carbinol, methyl carbinol, ethyl carbinol, propylcarbinol, methyl ethyl carbinol, butyl carbinol, diethyl carbinol,methyl n-propyl carbinol, dimethyl isobutyl carbinol, ethyl isopropylcarbinol, ethyl isopropyl methyl carbinol, diisopropyl carbinol,triethyl carbinol, isoamyl carbinol, dimethyl n-propyl carbinol, 2-butylmethyl carbinol, methyl isobutyl carbinol, diethyl methyl carbinol),methyl propyl ketone, methyoxacetic acid, acetoacetic acid, methylacetate, tert-amyl acetate, ethyl acetate, glycol diacetate,1,2-propendiol carbonate, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol,adiponitrile, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, triethylenetetramine, butylacetate, dimethylaniline, di-n-propylaniline, methyl isobutyl ketone,n-amyl cyanide, di-n-butyl carbonate, diethylacetic acid, diethylformamide, diisobutyl ketone, ethyl benzoate, ethyl phenylacetate,heptadecanol, 3-heptanol, n-heptyl acetate, n-hexy ether/methylisopropyl ketone, 4-methyl-n-yaleric acid, o-phenetidine, tetradecanol,triethylenetetramine, 2,6,8-trimethyl 4-nonanone, ethanedial, carbonate1,2-ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-ethanediol, dimethyl ether 1,2-ethanediol,dinitrate 1,2-ethanediol, n,n-di-methyl formic acid, n,n-di-ethyl formicacid, butyl ester formic acid, isoamyl formate, octyl pester formicacid, pentyl ester formic acid, propyl ester formic acid, isobutyl esterformic acid, propargl acetate, 2-methoxyethanol, cyclopentanone,cyclopropyl methyl ketone, ethyl propenoate, 3-methyl-2-butanone,phenol, 2-or 3-or 4-methoxyphenol, propanoic anhydride, cyclohexanone,4-methyl-3-penen-2-one, 2- or3-Hexanone, [2, 3 or 4]-methyl-[2or3]-pentanone, 2-heptanone, methyl phenyl ketone, diethyl benzene, andazulene.

Fuel soluble aromatic hydrocarbons are acceptable stabilizers. Benzenering compounds and derivative are contemplated (including toluene,phenyl and derivative). Toluene is a preferred,. Non-limit ing examplesof aromatic hydrocarbon stabilizers include benzene, toluene,benzaldehyde, benzin, benzl alcohol, toluene bromides, toluene cresols,toluene dimethyl amino compounds, toluene ethers, toluene oxyls, toluenealcohols. For other example, see the benzene ring compounds andderivative in CRC Handbook in Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed, Lide, CRCPress (1994-1995), “Phyical Constants of Organic Compounds,” OrganicChemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1995),Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, U.K.(1994), Physical Organic. Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley &Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A.Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), are hereby incorporated herein byreference.

Acceptable concentrations of polyhdyric alcohols, glycols, stabilizersand the like include 0.001 to 40.0% volume, 0.001 to 30.0% volume, 0.001to 25.0% volume, 0.001 to 20.0% volume, 0.001 to 10.0% volume, 0.001 to5.0% volume, 0.001 to 4.0% volume, 0.001 to 3.0% volume, 0.001 to 2.0%volume, 0.001 to 1.0% volume, 0.05 to 2.0% volume, 0.05 to 5.0% volume,0.05 to 8.0% volume, 0.05 to 10.0% volume, 0.05 to 15.0% volume, 0.05 to20.0% volume, 0.1 to 10.0% volume, 1.0 to 40.0% volume, 1.0 to 30.0%volume, 1.00 to 20.0% volume, 1.00 to 10.0% volume, 1.00 to 8.0% volume,1.0 to 5.0% volume, 1.0 to 4.0% volume, 1.0 to 3.0% volume, 2.0 to 40.0,% volume, 2.0 to 30.0% volume, 2.00 to 20.0% volume, 2.00 to 10.0%volume, 2.0 to 5.0% volume, 2.0 to 4.0% volume, 2.0 to 3.0% volume.Other concentrations include volume % equal to, greater than, or lessthan 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%,4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10%.

Any concentration level that improves fuel soluability, stability orthat achieves a measurable or observable flame front combustionimprovement is contemplated herein.

EXAMPLES 27A

The above compositions containing an ECS metallic selected from group,of.alkali or alkali earth metals, including derivative compounds, saidcomposition additionally containing a stabilizer selected from the groupof trimethoxysilane, toluene, a glycol, a glycol ether (includingmono/polyalkylene glycol mono/polyalkylethers), including homologue,analogue and derivative compounds and mixture.

pH Modification

A desirable pH range of the fuel composition of the present invention,particularly when DMC is employed, is from approximately 4.5 toapproximately 10.5, with a more desirable pH range of from approximately4.5 to approximately 9.5. An even more desireable pH range is fromapproximately 4.5 to 9.0. Another highly preferred pH range is fromapproximately 5.5. to 8.0. A preferred pH range is from approximately4.5 to approximately 6.5. The most preferred pH range for the fuelcomposition of the present invention is from approximately 6.3 toapproximately 6.8. It is an object of this invention to keep pH as closeto neutral as possible, such that if alkaline, it is only weaklyalkaline (i.e., preferably equal or less than 11.0, 10.5, 10.0, 9.5,9.0, 8.5, 8.0 pH), but that it preferably be either substantiallyneutral (i.e., 6.5 to 7.5) or slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.9 pH).

When the pH of the fuel composition of the present invention is lessthan 11.0, preferably 10.5 or below, 9.5 or below, and more preferably8.5 or below, the fuel, whether anhydrous or hydrous, may be stored atambient temperature (65° F.) and as high as 95 F for up to 6 months, ormore, absent hydrolysis.

For example, Applicant tested a fuel containing 5% by volume dimethylcarbonate, 95% by volume unleaded regular grade commercially available87 octane (R+M)/2, ⅛ gram Mn/gal of methylcyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl, a pH of 7.0, and 5% by volume of water, which was storedfor six months at temperature ranging from 65° F. to 90° F. Afterwards,the fuel exhibited no hydrolysis.

The same fuel composition was subsequently titrated with glacial aceticacid to a pH of 6.4, still containing 5% by volume of water and was thenstored for six months under the same conditions. After which period thefuel exhibited no signs of hydrolysis.

However, the same fuel composition was prepared with a pH ofapproximately 11.0, and contained 5% by volume of water and was storedfor six months under the same conditions. The fuel showed slightevidence of hydrolysis. The same fuel with an adjusted a pH of 12.5,however, showed even stronger evidence of hydrolysis.

It should be appreciated that although acetic acid was used to acidifythe pH of the fuel in the present test case, other fuel soluble acids,including but not limited to benzoic acid derivatives e.g. 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, methyl red, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl)benzoic acid, benzoic acid anhydride, 4-benzoyl benzoic acid,2,4-dihdroxy benzoic acid, 2,4-dimethyl-benzoic acid, 3-ethoxy benzoicacid, 2-hydroxy-4-methyl benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy benzontrile, 4-methoxybenzotrile, acetic acid derivatives, e.g. anhydride acetic acid,chloroacetic acid, decyl ester acetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, and thelike, may be employed. Fuel soluble acids are incorporated, byreference. See for example CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75thEd, Lide, CRC Press (1994-1995) “Dissociation Constants for InorganicAcids and Bases,” and “Dissociation Constants for Organic Acids andBases,” incorporated herein by reference. If an additive acid isemployed, it is preferred it be compatible with the base fuel, themetallic and have low toxicity, low corrosivity, and be asenvirnomentally friendly as possible.

Naturally, acidic fuel components, which are indigenous to the fuelcomposition, e.g. base fuel, ECS metallic, ECS oxygenate, or anadditional co-combustion catalyst, or ECS component (e.g. aldehydicacids, ketonic acids, carboxylic acids, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, formicacids, and the like) should be ultilized to achieve target pH's, priorto addition of an additive acid. Individual circumstances will dictateproper approach and additive. Acidic metals of this invention may beused individually and/or in conjunction with one or more other metallicsto reduce pH. Non-limiting examples of such acidic metallics includebinary, ternary and higher metallic acid salts, hydroxy acids,phosphoric acids, etc., oxamic acid, lithium acetate acid, lithium saltacetic acid, propanoic acid lithium salt, cyclohexanebutyric acidlithium salt, aminobenzole acid lithium salt,/borate ester, dimethylborate, di-n-butyl borate, dicyclohexyl borate, didodecylborate,di-p-cresyl borates, boric acids, orthoborates, phenylboronic acid,diphenylboronic acid, o-tolylboronic acid, p-tolylboronic acid,m-tolylboronic aqid, cylohexylboronic acid, cylohexenylboronic acid,cyclopentylboronic acid, methylphenylboronic acid,methylcylohexylboronic acid, methylcyclopentylboronic acid,methylbenzylboronic acid, dimethylphenylboronic acid,dimethylcylohexylboronic acid, dimethylcyclopentylboronic acid,dimethylbenzylboronic acid, diphenylboronic acid, dibenzylboronic acid,dicylohexylboronic acid, dicylohexenylboronic acid, dicyclopentylboronicacid, methyldiphenylboronic acid, bis[(methyl)cylohexyl]boronic acid,bis[(methyl)cyclopentyl]boronic acid, bis[(methyl)benzyl]boronic acid,bis[(dimethyl)phenyl]boronic acid, bis[(dimethyl)-cylohexyl]boronicacid, bis[(dimethyl)cyclopentyl]boronic acid, orbis[(dimethyl)benzyl]boronic acid. Other acidic metallics are set forthbelow and contemplated.

EXAMPLE 28

A method of minimizing hydrolysis of a vapor phase combustion fuelcomposition comprising the steps of:

-   -   providing a symmetrical lower dialkyl carbonate; providing an        combustion improving amount of at least one combustible compound        containing at least one element selected from the group        consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium,        calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium,        germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese,        molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium,        rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon,        vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium,        lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium,        hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium,        uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium,        ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium,        gadolinium, curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold,        dysprosium, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium,        erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium,        tellurium, polonium, lutetium, astatine, mixture thereof,        including their organic and inorganic derivative compounds;        providing a hydrocarbon; mixing said carbonate, said combustible        compound, and said Hydrocarbon so as to produce a fuel        composition having a pH of from 4.5 to 9.5, and store said        composition at a temperature of no more than 90° F. for up tp 6        months, or longer, and, combusting said fuel in an engine or        combustor, wherein vapor phase composition occurs characterized        as having a luminous reaction zone extends from surface of said        element.

EXAMPLE 29

The method of Example above, wherein said fuel is stored at an averagetemperature of 65° F. for 6 months, prior to combustion.

EXAMPLE 30

A method of mitigating handling hazards of an alkali/alkali earth metalbased vapor phase combustion fuel, composition, comprising the steps of:

-   -   providing an combustion improving amount of a combustible        compound containing at least one element selected from an alkali        metal or alkali earth metal, and mixture; and a stabilizer.

EXAMPLE 30A

The method of example 30, optionally providing an acidic ECS metallic;and optionally providing a hydrocarbon; and optionally providing an ECSoxygenate; and

-   -   mixing said composition.

EXAMPLE 30B

The method of examples 30, 30A, wherein the composition's target pHranges up to 9.5.

EXAMPLE 30C

A method of mitigating handling hazards of an alkali/alkali earth metalbased vapor phase combustion fuel composition, comprising the steps of:

-   -   providing an combustion improving amount of at least one        combustible compound containing at least one element selected        from an alkali metal or alkali earth metal; and    -   optionally providing an acidic ECS metallic; and    -   optionally providing a hydrocarbon; and    -   optionally providing an ECS oxygenate, and    -   mixing said composition, said combustible compound, and said        hydrocarbon so as to produce a fuel composition having a pH of        from 4.5 to 9.5, and    -   combusting said fuel in an engine or combustor, wherein vapor        phase composition occurs characterized as having a luminous        reaction zone extends from surface of said element.

EXAMPLE 31

The above example 30, wherein the target pH is ranges from 6.0 to 8.0.

EXAMPLE 32

The above example 30, wherein the target pH is achieved by providing atleast one acidic ECS metallic or acidic ECS oxygenate.

EXAMPLE 33

The above example 30, wherein the acidic ECS metallic is a phosphorusderivative.

Anhydrous fuels or substantially anhydrous fuels are contemplated andparticularly preferred when employing water reactive group Ia, IIa, IIb,IIIA metals and derivative compounds. Circumstances where hydrocarbonbases require anhydrous compositions are contemplated, e.g. jet aviationapplications, etc.

Although anhydrous fuels are preferable, fuel compositions of thepresent invention may contain water.

It is noted, acidity level of Applicant's fuels may be measured in termsof equivalents, e.g., equivalents of KOH required to neutralize the fuelcomposition. The fuels of the present invention show improved operationat acidity levels which are 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, or more, above suchstandards. Acidity levels below such standards, including those at least50% less, are expressly contemplated.

Also by way of example, when the fuel compositions of the presentinvention are used in jet turbine engines, such fuels typically mustmeet ASTM D 1655 specifications (incorporated herein by reference) orother international specifications, including maximum acidity levelsASTM D 3242 and IP 354 standards. However, it is believed that theincreased efficiency of the fuels of the present invention are lessdestructive to engines during combustion, and operation with lower pH'sthan presently acceptable. International, industry and government fuelstandards, including ASTM, IP, COST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act,California Air Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET standards,etc., governing hydrocarbon fuels containing applicant's ECSoxygenates/metallics are incorporated herein by reference.

It is an embodiment, especially when employing DMC, to maintain a pH inthe desired target range and store said fuel at temperatures at or below90° F.

EXAMPLE 34

A method of maintain fuel stability, said method comprising:

-   -   mixing a fuel composition containing an ECS metallic and a        dialkyl carbonate (preferably DMC), and adjusting pH of the fuel        composition to less than 10.5 pH.

In addition to the preferred pH ranges described above, it is furthercontemplated that Applicant's pH adjusted hydrocarbon based fuels willadditionally contain known additive, including but not limited toantioxidants, co-solvents, metal deactivators, detergents, dispersants,corrosion inhibitors, mutual solvents, oxygenated anti-knock compound(e.g. hydrocarbyl ethers, alcohols, etc.), conventional combustioncatalysts including ferrous picrate, Li and LH promoters, otheradditive, and additive set forth in incorporated PCT Applications. Themetal deactivators contemplated in this invention are known in the artand incorporated herein by reference.

A preferred fuel of the present invention comprises 1) dimethylcarbonate or dimethyl carbonate, representing 0.1% to 99.5% wt ofcomposition; 2) at least one metal as set forth below, representing0.01% to 99.5% wt of composition; optionally a metal deactivatorrepresenting 0.00001% to 10.0% wt of composition, or an antioxidantrepresenting 0.00001% to 10.0% wt, or a detergent/dispersantrepresenting 0.00001% to 10.0% wt, or an ignition promoter representing0.000001% to 20.0% wt, or a demulsifier representing 0.00001% to 10.0%wt, or a co-solvent or salt representing 0.000001% to 40.0% wt, or ahydrocarbon representing 0.1% to 99.0% volume of the composition, or aco-combustion catalyst (described below) representing 0.000001% to 80.0%wt, or mixture. Said fuel is constructed with a pH no greater than 11.0or 10.5, and preferably less than 9.5. More preferably, the pH is from6.3 to 6.8. When such fuel is a jet aviation turbine hydrocarbonbased-fuel, preferred acidity does not exceed equivalent of 0.1 mgKOH/g.

As described in the aforementioned PCT applications, the presence of aco-solvent is also preferred, so long as pH is maintained. Co-solventsthat enhance mutual solubility of fuel components, fuel stability, watertolerance are preferred (e.g. C1 to C12 alcohols, alkanolamines, etc.).These are known in the art and incorporated herein by reference.Additionally, co-solvents that increase flash point or reduce vaporpressure are contemplated. Non-limiting examples include, ethanetriols,propanetriols, butanetriols, 1,2,3 butanetriol, pentanetriols, 1,2,3pentanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, hexanetriols, septanetriols,octanetriols, or tertraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1-octene,high flash point ketone, naphthalenes, triethylene glycol, trimethyleneglycol, isopropyl acetone, diisopropyl acetone, diisopropyl diacetone,diethylene acetate, diethylene diacetate, ethylene acetate compound,phenol, or other flash point temperature reducing co-solvent set forthin aforementioned PCT Applications. Co-solvents should not be corrosiveor hazardous to fuel systems.

It is desirable the resultant fuel be constructed to have an averagelatent heat of vaporization (LHV) no less than typical industrystandards. Preferred LHV's are generally greater. For example, thelatent heat of vaporization or enthalpy of vaporization (vapH(Tb)/kJmol⁻¹) for commercial grade diesel, gas turbine, or fuel oils range fromabout 90 to 105 btu/lb (at 60° F.) or 18 to 21 jK/mole or (at boilingtemperatures). Likewise, commercial motor gasolines have a LHV rangingfrom 135 to 145 btu/lb or 27 to 29 jK/mole, aviation gasolines about 130to 150 btu/lb or 26 to 30 jk/mole, and aviation jet fuels about 105 to115 btu/lb or 21 to 23 jK/mole.

Thus, it is preferred that the LHV for commercial grade diesel, gasturbine, or fuel oils at 60° F. exceed 105 btu/lb or 21 jK/mole (atboiling temperatures), for commercial motor gasolines LHV's shouldexceed 145 btu/lb or 29 jK/mole, for aviation gasolines LHV's shouldexceed 150 btu/lb or 30 jk/mole, and for aviation jet fuels LHV's shouldexceed 115 btu/lb or 23 jK/mole. LHV's at least 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% orgreater than these amounts are however preferred.

The burning velocities (as measured by laminar Bunsen burner flame) forcommercial grade diesel, gas turbine, and fuel oils range from about32-34 cm/sec, kerosine about 36 cm/sec, benzene about 44, automotivegasoline about 44-46 cm/sec, aviation gasoline about 44-45 cm/sec,aviation jet fuels about 32-34 cm/sec. Methanol is reported at about 57cm/sec.

Thus, in Applicant's fuels it is desireable that burning velocities forcommercial grade diesel, gas turbine, and fuel oils exceed 33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43 cm/sec, kerosine exceed 35, 36, 37, 39, 40,41, 42, 43, 44 cm/sec, automotive gasoline exceed 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 cm/sec, aviation gasoline exceed 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, .53, 54, 55, 56 cm/sec, and aviation jetfuels exceed 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 cm/sec. However,BV's at least 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or greater than the burningvelocity of the unadjusted base fuel or conventional fuel is preferred.

It is also desirable that the hydrocarbon based fuels have high possibleallowable densities. High densities of base fuels permit higherconcentrations of metallics and dialkyl carbonates. For example,aviation turbine densities equal or exceeding 841 kg/m³ @ 15° C. arecontemplated. More generally, the fuel compositions of the presentinvention allow for base fuel densities of from 840 to 1200 kg/m3 @ 15°0C., and even 900 to over 1200 kg/m3 @ 15° C. Moderate, low, to very lowdensities are also contemplated so long as the increased burningvelocity object of above PCT Applications is accomplished and a pH isnot greater than 10.5, preferably below 9.0, and most preferably from6.3 to 6.8 is maintained.

Moreover, highly viscous hydrocarbon fuel bases with viscosities abovefuel specification, are unexpectedly brought to within fuel viscositylimits by the addition of dialkyl carbonates and metal. For example, ishas been found that a diesel fuel oil having a viscosity of 2.6 mm²/Sat, 40° C. was acceptably combined with dimethyl carbonate representing5% volume of the composition, and 2.0 grs Mn/gal, ofmethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) or alternativenon-toxic metallic. The resultant fuel composition had a lower viscosityof 2.4 mm2/S at 40° C.

In this way, highly viscous fuels can be adapted by the addition ofapplicant's ingredients, whereby non-conforming highly viscous fuels canbe made less viscous and brought into compliance with ASTMInternational, industry and government fuel standards, including ASTM,IP, COST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, California Air ResourcesBoard, and Swedish/European EPEFET standards, or other specification(herein incorporated by refererence).

Also by way of example, Jet A hydrocarbon bases having a viscosity of8.1 to 15.0 or more, (ASTM 445) can be adapted to meet the current 8.0mm²/s^(L) at −20° C. standard by addition of the components describedabove. Alternatively, base fuel viscosity of from 13.5 to 23.0 Cs at−30° F., or more, may be met by the addition of the components describedabove.

Similarly, a gas oil turbine hydrocarbon base may have maximum kineticviscosities at 40° C. equal or exceeding 2.45 to 7.0, or greater, mm2/sfor ASTM D 445 No. 1-GT fuels, and be adapted to meet the 2.4 standard,by addition of the components described herein. Alternatively, base fuelkinetic viscosities of 4.15 to 6.0, or more, mm²/s for ASTM D 445 No.2-GT fuels, may be adapted to meet the 4.1 standard by addition ofapplicant's additives, as described herein.

In an analogous manner, a diesel fuel oil base may have maximum kineticviscosities at 40° C. equal or exceeding 2.45 to 7.0, or greater, mm2/sfor ASTM D 445 low sulfur or regular too. 1-D fuels, and be adapted tomeet the 2.4 standard by addition of applicant's additives.Alternatively, a diesel fuel oil base having maximum kinetic viscositiesof 4.15 to 9.0, or more, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 low sulfur or regular No.2-D fuels, and be adapted to meet the 4.1 standard, by addition ofapplicant's additives. Similarly, fuels having—a maximum kineticviscosity of 24.5 to 60.0, or more, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 No. 4-D fuels,and be adapted to meet 24.0 mm2/s by addition of applicant's additives.Additionally, a low emission diesel base may have viscosities exceeding2.45 to 5.5, or more, cSt at 40° C. (where 1 mm2/s=1cst), and be adaptedto meet the 2.4 standard.

Furthermore, a fuel oil base may have kinetic viscosities equal orexceeding 2.15 10.0, or more, mm²/s at 40° C. ASTM D 445 for No. 1fuels, and can be adapted to the 2.1 standard by addition of applicant'sadditives. A fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from 3.45 to 10,0,or more, mm2/s at 40° C. ASTM D 445 for No. 2 fuels can be similarlyadapted to meet 3.4. A fuel base having kinetic viscosities of 5.55 to25.0 or more, mm2/s at 40° C. ASTM for D 445 No. 4 fuels (Light), maybesimilarly adapted to meet 5.5. A fuel base having kinetic viscosities offrom 24.5 to 40.0, or more, mm2/s at 40° C. ASTM D445 for No. 4 fuels(regular), may be adapted to meet 24. A fuel base having kineticviscosities of from 8.95 to 25.0, or more, mm3/s at 100° C. ASTM D 445for No. 5 fuels (Light), may be adapted to meet 8.9. A fuel base havingkinetic viscosities of from 15.0 to 30.0, or more, mm3/s at 100° C. ASTMD 445 for No. 5 fuels (Heavy), may be adapted to meet 14.9. A fuel basehaving kinetic viscosities of from 50.5 to 80.0, or more, mm3/s at 100°C. STM D 445 for No. 6 fuel oils, and adapted to meet 50.0 mm3/s.

Similarly, a heavy diesel, locomotive or marine engine base fuel,exceeding ISO DIS 8217, BS MA 100, government and/or other industryviscosity specifications, but adapted to meet such standards(incorporated by reference), typically uncorrected viscosity exceedssuch standards by 1.0, 2.0, 10.0, 50.0, or more centistokes at 50° C.Applicant has discovered by incorporating his lower dialkyl carbonatesand metals, fuels having excessive viscosities can meet government, orother viscosity standards.

By way of further example, an enhanced combustion aviation turbine fuelcomposition of the present invention includes an ECS oxygenate(preferably a dialkyl carbonate and/or dialkyl dicarbonate), an ECSmetal (preferably an alkali\alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionallya co-combustion catalyst, an aviation turbine hydrocarbon base having aviscosity of from 8.1 to 9.0 MM²/S (ASTM 445); optionally one or more ofthe following: a salt, a co-solvent, antioxidant, freeze point additive,anti-icing additive, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitor, hydroscopiccontrol additive, lubricity agent, lubricant or friction modifier,anti-wear additive, combustion chamber or deposit control additive, anyother recognized additive, additive disclosed in aforementioned PCTApplications, or mixture thereof. The resultant fuel is characterized asbeing slightly alkaline, substantially neutral or acidic, and having amaximum viscosity equal or less than 8.2 MM²/S¹ (ASTM 445). The fuelpreferably has, a density of from 840.5 to 850, or greater, kg/m³ @15°C., a flash point of at least 38° C., a maximum vapor pressure of 21kPa @ 38° C., minimum thermal stability meeting ASTM D 1655 standards, aheat of combustion or equivalent equal to or exceeding 42.8 MJ/kg (lowerheats of combustion are contemplated, including those less than or equalto 42.5, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36 MJ/kg, based upon additive heats ofindividual components), and a maximum freezing temperature of from −40to −50° C., optionally a LHV not less than 115 btu/lb or 23 jK/mole,optionally a burning velocity exceeding 37 cm/sec.

EXAMPLE 34A

This composition may be summarized as an enhanced aviation turbine fuelcomposition wherein aviation turbine hydrocarbon base has a viscosityequal or exceeding 8.1 MM²/S, a C3 to C7 symmetrical dialkyldicarbonate, said fuel optionally characterized as being slightly acidicnot exceeding equivalent of 0.1 mg KOH/g.

A diesel fuel, fuel oil, turbine gas oil composition of the presentinvention includes dimethyl carbonate representing 0.01% to 40.0% oxygenby weight of the fuel; a compound or element containing a combustionimproving amount of transition metal, alkaline metal, alkaline earth,group IIIa, IVa, Va, VIa, VIIa element or derivative compound, ormixture, optionally a co-combustion agent, optionally in anconcentration of 0.001 to about 100.0 gr element/gal, preferably 2.0 to20.0 gr element/gal; and a No. 1 (ASTM) diesel fuel base having aviscosity of from 2.45 to 3.0, MM²/S at 40° C., ; said fuel baseoptionally characterized as having one or more of the following: adensity ranging from 880 to 800 kg/M³ , a cetane index of 40 to 70, anaromatic content by vol. ranging from approximately 0 to 35%, preferably0% to 10%, provided that 3-ring+aromatics not to exceed 0.16 volume %; aT10 fraction temperature of about 190 to 230° C., a T 50 fractiontemperature of about 220 to 280° C., a T90 fraction of about 260 to 340°C., a cloud point temperature of ° C. −10, −28, −32 or 6° C. above tenthpercentile minimum ambient temperature, a sulfur content preferably notgreater than 250 ppm, more preferably not greater than 50 ppm, mostpreferably not exceeding 5 ppm, a bunsen laminar burning velocity of atpreferably greater than 37, more preferably greater than 44, mostpreferably 50 ore more, cm/sec, a latent heat of vaporization ofpreferably at least 105, more preferably at least 120, most preferably130 or more, BTU/lb. The resultant fuel is characterized as having a pHless than 10.5 and a viscosity equal to or less than 2.4 MM2/S at 40°C., optionally a LHV at 60° F. equal or in excess of 105 btu/lb or 21,22, 23, 25, 27 jK/mole (at boiling temperatures), optionally a minimumlaminar bunsen burner flame of 37, 39, 40, 41 cm/sec.

EXAMPLE 34B

A composition, wherein the fuel composition is a diesel fuel oil, theECS oxygenate is dimethyl carbonate representing 0.01% to 40.0% oxygenby wt. of the fuel, the hydrocarbon base fuel has a viscosity equal toor greater than 2.5, MM²/S at 40° C., and the fuel composition ischaracterized as having a pH less than 10.5 and a viscosity equal to orless than 2.4 MM2/S at 40° C.

An aviation gasoline fuel composition of the present invention includesan ECS oxygenate (preferably a hydrocarbyl ether, including MTBE, ETBE,etc.) and/or dialkyl carbonate, an ECS metal (preferably analkali\alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionally a co-combustioncatalyst, and an aviation gasoline base. The resultant fuel ischaracterized as having a pH less than 7.0 and a minimum octane orperformance number of from 87 to 130 (ASTM 909). It is furthercharacterized as having a distillation fraction wherein the sum of theT-10 plus T-50 fractions are 307° F., the T-40 temperature is 167° F.and the T-90 temperature is less than 250° F., a maximum sulfur contentof 0.05 wt %, or sulfur free, a latent heat of vaporization preferablyexceeding 120, more preferably exceeding 150, most preferably exceeding160 BTU/lb, a laminar bunsen burning velocity preferably equal to or inexcess of 40, more preferably greater than 48, most preferably greaterthan 52 cm/sec, a heat of combustion (as measured by the sum of fuelingredients) equal or less, than 43.0 kJ/kg, or equal or less than from18,720 to 15,000, or less, BTU/lb.

EXAMPLE 34C

A gasoline composition of the present invention includes an ahydrocarbyl ether (MTBE, ETBE, etc.) and/or dialkyl carbonate, an ECSmetal (preferably an alkali\alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionallya co-combustion catalyst, and an unleaded base fuel composition. Theresultant composition is characterized as having a pH less than 10.5,and optionally being phosphorus free hydrocarbons, a maximum Reid VaporPressure of from 6.0 to 12.0 psi, 6.0 to 10 psi, 6.0 to 9.0 psi; amaximum of 12% to 5.0% by volume, or less of olefins, a maximum of 30%to 20% or less by volume of aromatics (more preferably 15% to 10%, orless), a maximum of 2.0% to 0.8% or less benzene, a maximum of 40 ppm.sulfur, most preferably sulfur free, a total O2 concentration rangingof 0.5% to 10.0% wt of dimethyl carbonate, a manganese tricarbonylcompound at 1/64 to 3/16 gr. Mn/gal (preferably 1/32 gr. Mn) or othermetallic in a combustion improving amount, a maximum T-90 temperature of330° F. to 280° F., a T-50 temperature of approx. 170° F. to 230° F.,175° F. preferred, a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a brominenumber of 20 or less, an average latent heat of vaporization of 880 to920, or more, BTU/gal at 60° F.; a heating value greater than 106,000btu/gal at 60° F. (more preferably greater than 108,000, 114,000btu/gal), as measured by the sum of, individual fuel substituents.

EXAMPLE 34D

A fuel composition, wherein said composition is a gasoline comprising anECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol, characterizedas having a pH ranging form 8.5 to 5.5, optionally a maximum Reid VaporPressure of 12.0 psi or 8.0 psi, a maximum of 12% vol. olefins, amaximum of 30% vol. aromatics, a maximum of 1.0% vol. benzene, a maximumof 50 ppm sulfur or sulfur free, a total 02 concentration ranging from0.5% to 4.0% wt of the composition, a maximum T-90 temperature of 330°F. to 280° F., a T-50 temperature of approx. 170° F. to 230° F., aminimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a bromine number of 20 or less, anaverage latent heat of vaporization of 880 to 920 BTU/gal at 60° F., aheating value greater than 106,000 btu/gal at 60° F.

EXAMPLE 34E

Another gasoline composition of the present invention includes an ECSoxygenate (preferably a dialkyl carbonate and/or dialkyl dicarbonate,MTBE, ETBE, Ethanol, or methanol), an ECS metal (preferably analkali\alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionally a co-combustioncatalyst, and an unleaded base fuel composition, characterized as havinga pH less than 10.5, and optionally characterized as having one or moreof the following: being phosphorus free hydrocarbons, with a maximumReid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi, a maximum of 12% olefins, a maximum of30% aromatics, a maximum of 2.0% benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur orsulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 10.0% wt ofdialkyl carbonate, a combustible metal or non-metal selected from groupsset forth below including (but not limited to) those consisting of thepreferred manganese, silicon, potassium, and iron compounds, or mixture,a maximum T-90 temperature of 330° F. to 280° F., a T-50 temperature ofapprox. 170° F. to 230° F., a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, abromine number of 20 or less, an average latent heat of vaporization of880 to 920 BTU/gal at 60° F., a heating value greater than 106,000btu/gal at 60° F. (as measured by the sum of individual fuelsubstituents), a burning velocity exceeding 50 cm/sec, a latent heat ofvaporization exceeding 29 jK/mole (or equivalent).

EXAMPLE 34F

A similar gasoline composition comprises an ECS oxygenate selected fromMTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol, is characterized as having a pH rangingform 8.5 to 5.5, and optionally with a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of12.0 psi or 8.0 psi, a maximum of 12% olefins, a maximum of 30%aromatics, a maximum of 1.0% benzene, a maximum of −50 ppm sulfur orsulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 4.0% wt ofthe composition, a maximum T-90 temperature of 330° F. to 280° F., aT-50 temperature of approx. 170° F. to 230° F., a minimum (R+M)/2 octaneof 85, to 92, a bromine number of 20 or less, an average latent heat ofvaporization of 880 to 920 BTU/gal at 60° F., a heating value greaterthan 106,000 btu/gal at 60° F.

EXAMPLE 34G

Another gasoline composition would include the aforementioned ECSoxygenates and an ECS metallic (including a combustible alkali/alkaliearth metal, preferably a potassium derivative, and MTBE, ETBE, ethanol,methanol, DMC, or EMC, or substitutes as provided herein), and agasoline base, wherein the resultant composition has one or more of thefollowing characteristics: a RVP of 6.4 to 10.0 psi, aromatics contentof 0% to 50%, more preferably no greater than 22%, 25%, 30%, or 35%vol., a benzene content of 0% to 2.0%, preferably no greater than 0.8%,1.0%, 1.2% vol., an olefin content of 0% to 25%, preferably no greaterthan 15%, 12%, 10%, 8% vol., an distillation evaporation point where 30%to 70% of the fuel has distilled by 200° F., an distillation evaporationpoint where 70% to 100% of the fuel has distilled by 300° F., a T50distillation temperature ranging from 200° F. to 220° F., maximum T90distillation temperature of 290° F. to 310° F., oxygen by wt % rangingfrom 0% to 5.0%, 0.001% to 4.0%, 0.1% to 4.0% to preferably 1.8% to2.2%., sulfur, ppm, wt. ranging from 0 to 500 ppm, more preferably 30 to80 ppm.

EXAMPLE 34H

Another gasoline composition would include the aforementioned gasolinecomposition, wherein the resultant composition has one or more of thefollowing characteristics: a maximum summer RVP of 8.1, 8.0, 7.5, 7.2,7.1, 7.0 psi, maximum aromatics of 22%, 25%, or 30% vol., ¹max. benzeneof 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2% vol., T50 distillation temperature ranging from 200°F. to 220° F., a maximum T50 distillation temperature ranging from 200°F. to 220° F., minimum T50 distillation temperature greater than 175°F., maximum T90 distillation temperature of 290° F. to 310° F., oxygenby wt % 1.8% to 2.2%., sulfur, ppm, wt. 30 to 80.

EXAMPLE 35

A gasoline composition including a combustion Improving amount ofpotassium ethoxide and an ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE,ethanol, DMC, or EMC, wherein the composition has one or more of thefollowing characteristics: a RVP no greater than 7.5, 7.1, 7.0 psi,maximum aromatics of 22%, 25%, or 30% vol., max. benzene of 1.0% vol., aminimum T50 distillation temperature ranging of 175° F., maximum T90distillation temperature of 290° F. to 310° F., oxygen by wt % 1.8% to2.2%., and a sulfur content of 0 to 80 wt. ppm, 30 ppm or lesspreferred.

The invention achieves unexpected reduction of nitrous oxides incombustion after emissions pass through a catalytic exhaust converter.As noted above, reductions of nitrous oxides is important for purpose ofreducing global warming gases, but catalytic converters tend to increasethe amount of said oxides during their catalytic activity. Applicant hasdiscovered that combusting his ECS oxyenate and/or metallic containingfuels, particularly those containing alkali/alkali earth metals, andemitting them through a catalytic converter, he is able to no onlyreduce the nitrous oxide flowing into the converter, but is able toreduce total oxides, which otherwise would be emitted from theconverter. Thus, reducing the harmful effect the exhaust, catalyst hasin increasing nitrous oxides.

EXAMPLE 36

A method of reducing green house nitrous oxide gases, comprising:

-   -   mixing a combustion improving amount of a combustion improving        amount of an ECS metallic, optionally a combustion improving        amount of an ECS oxygenate, together with a gasoline; and    -   combusting resultant fuel composition in an automotive engine;        and    -   exhausting resultant emissions through an exhaust catalyst;        emitting catalyst reacted emissions into the atmosphere; whereby        exhaust nitrous oxide emissions are reduced.

EXAMPLE 37

The Example above, wherein the ESC metal is an alkali or alkali earthmetal (preferably a potassium derivative) and the oxygenate is MTBE,ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, and wherein the fuel optionally contains aco-combustion catalyst.

EXAMPLE 38

The Example of 36, wherein also mixed into the composition is aco-combustion catalyst.

EXAMPLE 39

The Example of 36, wherein said method incorporates mixing a metal only.

EXAMPLE 40

The Example of 36 or 39, wherein said metal is absent manganese.

EXAMPLE 41

The Example of 36, wherein said fuel composition is includes acombustible alkali/alkali earth metal, and an ECS oxygenate selectedfrom MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, EMC, and mixture, having one ormore of the following characteristics: a RVP of 6.4 to 10.0 psi,aromatics content of 0% to 50%,a benzene content of 0% to 2.0%, anolefin content of 0% to 25%, an distillation evaporation point where—30%to 70% of the fuel has distilled by 200° F., an distillation evaporationpoint where 70% to 100% of the fuel has distilled by 300° F., a minimumT50 distillation temperature of 175° F. and a maximum T50 distillationtemperature ranging from 200° F. to 220° F., maximum T90 distillationtemperature of 290° F. to 310° F., a co-combustion catalyst, oxygen bywt % ranging from 0.1% to 4.0%, sulfur, ppm, wt. ranging from 6 to 500ppm; or a fuel composition of the character of Examples 34A through 34Eand 35.

EXAMPLE 42

The Example of 36 to 41, wherein the fuel composition has a pH rangingfrom 10.0 to 4.0., more preferably 9.0 to 5.0, 8.0 to 6.0, 7.7 to 6.3,or 6.9 to 6.3, or other range, or amount set forth herein.

EXAMPLE 43

The above examples additionally containing an nitrogen based enhancer,or compound containing nitrogen, a nitrogen/oxygen combination, or a NH,NH2, NH3, NH4, NO, NN, OON, OONH, ONH, ONH2, ONH3, ONH4, CON, CONH,CONH2, CONH3, COON, COONH, MNH, MON, MONH, MONH2, MONH3, MOON radical(where M is a metal as set forth herein). Non-limiting examples alsoinclude fuel soluble and/or combustible amines, amides/imides, such asnitro compounds, nitric compounds, tetranitromethanes, nitromethanes,nitroethanes, nitropropanes, nitrous oxides, dinitrous oxides, nitricoxides, nitrates, and di-nitrates. Other non-limiting examples include,alkylmetallicamides, polyalkylmetallicamides, alkylphosphoramides,polyalkylphosphoramides (e.g. hexamethylphosphoramide,hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide,hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, triethylphosphoramide,trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphosphoramide,triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphosphoramide,tri-isobutylphosphoramide, tri-sec-butylphosphoramide,tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide,dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH30)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide,dipropbxyphosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide,dibutoxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide,di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusamide,diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide (CH30)2PONH2),diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphosphoramide, diisopropylphosphoramide,dibutyl-phosphoramide, diisobutylphosphoramide,di-sec-butylphosphoramide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide,diphenylphosphoramide, dimethylethylphosphoramide,diethylmethylphosphoramide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide,diisopropylmethylphosphoramide, di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide,di-iso-butylmethylphosphoramide, di-sec-butylmethylphosphoramide,di-tert-butylmethylphosphoramide, diphenylmethyl phosphoramide).

Phosphoramides are particularly desired.

In the practice of this invention it is contemplated at least onecombustible reactive non-lead transition metal, alkaline metal, alkalineearth, group IIIa, IVa (except carbon), Va, VIa (except oxygen), Vilaelement, or derivative thereof, as set forth herein, or mixture (hereinreferred to as “metal” or “metallic”) be together with at least one C3to C13 symmetrical dialkyl ester of carbonic acid, and mixture, in afuel stable composition; said composition optionally containing acombustion catalyst as set forth below, a hydrocarbon, and/or anoxidizer; resultant composition as having a pH slightly alkaline,neutral or acidic.

Non-limiting examples of suitable dialkyl carbonates include, dimethylcarbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate,dibutyl carbonate, diisobutyl carbonate, ditertiary butyl carbonate,diisoamyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ormixture. C3 to C8 symmetrical dialkyl carbonates are more desirable,with C3 to C5 being preferred. It is contemplated that such carbonateswill be introduced into the composition in concentrations of 0.01 to100.0 volume percent in an amount sufficient to improve combustion. Thecarbonates may be additionally combined with one or more oxygenatedcompounds, including but not limited to alkyl butyl ethers (e.g. MTBE,ETBE, TAME, ETAME, etc.), alkyl alcohols, and/or known co-solvents. Inthe practice of this invention methylal, ethylal, C1 to C6 aliphaticalcohols, may be substituted for dialkyl carbonates, absent compromiseof vapor phase combustion. Examples of ECS compounds are presented inthe aforementioned PCT Applications.

Non-limiting examples of the optional hydrocarbon bases contemplatedherein, include any hydrocarbon, including but not limited tocarbonaceous liquid or solid fuels, alternative fuels, gaseous fuels(including hydrogen, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane,etc.), automotive gasolines, diesel fuel oils, heavy diesel fuel oils,aviation gasoline, gas oils, fuel oils, aviation jet turbine oils, coal,coal oils, coal liquids, and the like. Industry specifications,including ASTM, IP, COST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, CaliforniaAir Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET standards, EUStandards, and other reported industry or government standards known inthe art, and Criteria for Quality of Petroleum Products, J. P. Allison,1973 (and subsequent editions), all hereby incorporated herein byreference.

Nitroalkanes/Nitroparaffin

Other blending agents as contemplated herein include nitroalkanes.Non-limiting examples include mononitroalkanes, arylnitroalkanes,polynitroalkanes, nitro-arenes, polynitro-arenes, aromaticnitro-compounds, polyaromatic nitro-compounds including derivative,homologue and analogue. Examples include nitromethane, nitroethane,nitropropane, nitrobutane, nitrohexane, nitroheptane, nitrobenzene,nitrotoluene, dinitrotolune. Acceptable concentrations are 1 to 2000pprri, 10 to 500 ppm, 10 to 300 ppm, 50 to 100 ppm.

Bio-Diesel

As contemplated within this disclosure bio-diesel shall include, but notbe limited to: Methyl Soyate, Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME), MethylTallowate, Methyl esters from lipid sources CAS Number: 67784-80-9.Bio-diesel is characterized generally but not required to have a boilingpoint at 760 mm Hg of less than 200° C., volatiles less than 2% byVolume, insoluble in water, a specific gravity (H2 O=1) of 0.88, VapourPressure, mm Hg: <2, an evaporation Rate, Butyl Acetate=l: <1, a vapourDensity, Air=l :>1, being a pale yellow liquid, with mild odour.Variations are contemplated in the claims below.

Metals Practice

In the practice of this invention, as set forth in the aforementionedPCT Applications, contemplated metallics include all non-lead metals,metalloids, and non-metals (herein “metals” or “metallics”), theirderivative compounds (organic or inorganic), whose combustion (productaccomplishes primary object of vapor phase combustion, which isevidenced by a brilliant luminous reaction zone extending some distancefrom the metal's surface. Such combustion does not take place on thesurface of the metal, or on and/or within the molten layer of oxidecovering the metal, typical, of heretofore metallic combustion.Distinguishing vapor phase combustion is that its combustion isexpansive with elevated exhaust velocities, and resultant metallic oxideparticles are formed in the submicron range. Typically fuel economy,power output, exhaust emissions, combustion temperatures are materiallyimproved.

Thus, a very wide range of acceptable metals and derivative compoundsare contemplated. Group IA (alkali metals), IIA, (alkaline earths)elements, the transition elements/metals of group IIIb, IVb, Vb, VIb,VIIb, VIIIb [8, 9, 10], the elements of group Ib, IIb, IIIa, IVa (absentcarbon), and group Va, VIa, VIIa (elements are contemplated.Non-limiting examples include aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth,beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium,germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese,molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium,sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium,barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium,titanium, zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum,neodymium, uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium,plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium,gadolinium, curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold,dysprosium, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, erbium,thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium, polonium,lutetium, and astatine, including their organic and inorganic derivativecompounds, which are capable of vapor phase combustion, are contemplatedin the claims hereto and incorporated herein by reference. Applicant'smetals, including derivative compound, may be organo-metallic orinorganic. Accordingly, the inorganic and organic compounds of CRCHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, Lide, 75th (1994-1995) and earliereditions, Ann Arbor, CRC Press; Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Directory,Aldrich Chemical Company (1997), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), online Registry File [1], American Chemical Society, Chemical AbstractService, Ohio State University, A Manual of Inorganic Chemistry, Thorpe,N.Y., Putnam & Son's (1896), Inorganic Materials, 2 ed., Ducan, N.Y. J.Wiley & Son (1996), Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Perry, Phillips,CRC Press, Boco Raton, (1995), Inorganic Chemistry, Phillips, Williams,N.Y. Oxford University Press (1965-1966), Inorganic Materials Chemistry,D. Seneeta, G.E. R & D Center, N.Y., CRC Press (1997), InorganometallicChemistry, Fehlner, N.Y., Plenum (1992), Nontransition-Metal Compounds,Eisch, N.Y., Academic Press (1981), Metal & Metalloid Amides, Horwood,N.Y., Halsted Press (1980), Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology, 2nd and subsequent editions, John Wiley & Sons (1963),Dictionary of Chemical Names & Synonyms, Howard, Neal, Lewis Publishers,Ann Arbor, (1992), Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th Edition,Richard J. Lewis, Sr., Van Nostrad Reinhold Company, N.Y. (1993),Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Inorganic, Comey, MacMillian Press(1921), Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Substances, Seidell,N.Y., Van Nostrand (1940-1941), Solubility of Inorganic andMetal-Organic Compounds, Like, Princeton N.J., Van Nostrand (1958-1965),Organometallies (cite omitted), Organo Metallic Chemistry, F. G. A.Stone, Academic Press (1972 and subsequent years), Organo MetallicCompounds, 2 Ed, Michael Dub, Springer-Verlag, New York Inc. (1966 Vol.1 to 3, and subsequent volumes/supplments), Organo-metallic Compounds,Coates, Edward, New York, Wiley (1960), Comprehensive OrganometallicChemistry II (A Review of the Literature 1982-1994), Abel, Stone,Wilkinson, El Sevier Science Ltd (1995), Handbook of OrganometallicCompounds, Kaufman, D. Van Nostranl Company Inc. (1961), Handbook ofOrganometallic Compounds, Hagihara, Kumanda, Okawars, Wash. Benjamin Inc(1968), Organometallic Chemistry, Mehrotra, Singh, John Wiley and Sons,(1991), Organometallic Chemistry, Chemical Society (1971 and allsubsequent publications), London, Metal-Organic Compounds, AmericanChemical Society (1959 to present), Chemical Abstracts, AmericanChemical Society, Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State University,.(From 1907 to present), Structure Reports 1913 to 1973 (Metals andInorganic Compounds), International Union of Crystallography, Bohn,Scheltena & Hellema (volumes 1-40), The Merck Index, 12th Ed., Budavari,O'Neil, Merck Research Laboratories, N.J. (1996), which are capable ofvapor phase combustion, together with said publications (including allrelated/subsequent editions, volumes, supplements, updates, or relatedpublications) are incorporated herein by reference.

However, it is an object of this invention to ultilize where possiblethose ECS metallics which are not nuerotoxic, especially where humaningestion is possible.

In the practice of this invention, cyclomatic compounds are particularlydesireable. Non-limiting examples of cyclomatic compounds includecompounds with one or more rings systems, including alicyclic oraromatic ring systems. Ring systems which may be wholely organic,wholely, inorganic, or heterocyclic. Such ring systems may includecyclic borons (borazoles), Cyclic silanes (silacyclobutane, 2, 4, 6, 8,ID-pentamethylcyclopentasilazane, cyclohexasilanes, cyclopropenylsilanes, etc.), cyclic nitrogens (pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrroles,piperazines, imidazals, etc.), cyclic, oxygens (benzoyls, furans,pyrans, e.g. tetrahydropyran, pyrones, dioxins, etc,), cyclic sulfurs(thiophens, dithiles, etc.) or other cyclic inorganics. Cyclomaticorganic ring systems include saturated rings (cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, etc.), unsaturated rings, ringswith one or more multiple or double bonds (cyclohexadiene,cyclopentadiene, cyclotetraene, etc.), aromatic rings/cycloalkylradicals (phenyl, benzyl, styryl, etc.), fused rings, fused aromaticrings (naphthls, naphthenates, etc.), fused ring with cyclopentadienylmoiety, rings containing oxygen1 or a hydroxyl (phenol, etc.). Thedisclosed metallic cyclomatics contained in Heterocyclic Chemistry,Katritzy, Boulton, Academic Press (1966 to 1997 all volumes),Benzenoid-Metal Complexes, Zeiss, Wheatley, Winkler. The Ronald Press Co(1966), The Ring Index 2 Ed, Patterson, Capell, American ChemicalSociety, Reinhold Publishing Corp (1960 and subsequent editions), RingEnlargement of Organic Chemistry, Hesse, VCH Publishers (1991), Rings,Cluster, and Plymers of Main Group Elements, Cowley, American ChemicalSociety (1983), which are capable of vapor phase combustion, togetherwith said publications (including subsequent editions, volumes, orsupplements), are incorporated herein by reference.

Desireable metal containing cyclomatic compounds are those with cyclicrings having high burning velocities. The higher the burning thevelocity, generally the higher the preference. Generally larger ringshave higher burning velocities compared to smaller rings. Thus, acyclooctane ring is generally preferred over cyclohexane, which ispreferred over a cyclobutane ring. Saturated rings are normally morepreferred over unsaturated rings. The more saturated the ring the morepreferred. Thus, cyclohexane is preferred over benzene. Ring systemswhere the metal is in turn attached to one or more a hydroxyl, carbonyl,an alkyloxy radicals is generally preferred. Variations to this generalrule are expected.

Non-limiting examples of desireable ring systems/complexes include:cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclopentane, cyclobutane, cyclopentadiene,phenyl, benzene, and naphthalene. More desireable are cyclohexane,cyclohexene, and cyclopentadienyl. It is contemplated each elementalmetal of this invention can be employed in a cyclomatic compound.

Transition metal ring systems are well known in the art and highlydesireable. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,818,416, 3,127,351, 2,818,417,2,839,552, 2,680,______; 2,804,468; 3,341,311, 3,272,606, 3,718,444),Canadian Patent #1073207, European Patent Application #93303488.6, pages6-8 (1993), incorporated herein by reference. As contemplated herein,ring system attachment may be direct or indirect. Attachment may be viamolecular bond, ionic bond, coordination bond or other bond known in theart. Indirect attachment may be via one or more radical or element, orbe via other bond as described below or known in the art. See TheChemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Rochow, Hurd, Lewis, New York,John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (latest edition), incorporated by reference.

One or more radicals (including cyclic radicals), side chains, saturatedor unsaturated, may be attached to one or more locations on the ring,and/or to one or more locations of each metal. Thus, the metal maycontain between one to as many radicals as available valence electrons(oxidation states) permit. See Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds2ed, Weast, Grasselli, CRC (185).

Non-limiting examples of radicals, include organic or inorganic,saturated or unsaturated, or combinations thereof, including: hydrogen(hydride), hydroxyl, hydrocarbyl group radicals, including alkylradicals (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, issopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, amyl, pentyl, hexyl, etc.), alkyloxy radicals,various positional isomers thereof (e.g. 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl,3-methyl-butyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl-propyl, etc.),corresponding straight and branched chain isomers (e.g. hexyl, hepyl,octyl, nonyl; decyl, etc.), alkenyl radicals (ethyl, /\¹-propenyl,/\²-propenyl, isopropenyl, etc.), corresponding branch chain isomersthereof, other isomers thereof (e.g. heptenyl, octenyl, nonyl, decenyl,etc.), alkenyloxy radicals, aryl radicals (e.g. phenyl, a-napthyl,b-naphthyl, a-anthryl, b-anthryl, etc.), aryloxy radicals, includingmonovalent radicals of such aromatics (e.g. indene, isoindene,acenaphthene, flourene, phenanthrene, naphthacene, chrysene, pyrene,triphenylene, etc.), aralkyl radicals (e.g. benzyl, a-phenyl-ethyl,b-phenyl-ethyl, a-phenyl-propyl, etc.), aralkyloxy radicals, variouspositional isomers thereof (e.g. derivatives of 1-methyl-butyl,2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 1,1 dimethyl-propyl, etc.),corresponding alkyl derivatives of phenanthrene, flourene, acenapthene,etc., alkaryl radicals, (e.g. o-tolyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, o-ethylphenyl,etc.), arylalkenyl, cycloalkyl radicals (benzyl, etc.), cycloalkyloxyradicals, aliphatic radicals, mesityl. See generally Canadian Patent1073207, pages 4-7, European Patent Application #93303488.6, pages 6-8,Oct. 11, 1993), Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds 2 Ed, Weast,Grasselli, CRC 1985, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th andearlier editions, sections re: “Nomenclature For Inorganic Ions andRadicals,” “Organic Radicals and Ring Systems,” Nomenclature ofInorganic Chemistry (Recommendations), Blackwell ScientificPublications, Offord 1990; Richer, J. C., Panico, R., and Powell, W. H.A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Blackwell ScientificPublications, Offord 1993, Weast, R. C., and Grasselli, J. C., Handbookof Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1989;incorporated by reference.

Hydroxyl, alkanol, alkanolamine, oxy and/or oxygen containing radicals,including derivatives of thereof and derivative of above radical arealso contemplated. Non-limiting examples include hydroxy, methoxide,ethoxide, propoxide, isopropoxide, butoxide, isobutoxide, sec-butoxide,tert-butoxide, pentoxide, amyloxide, phenyloxidesperhydroxy, methoxy,methylol, methylenedioxy, ethoxy, ethylol, ethylenedioxy, enanthyl,propoxy, pro-prylol, propylenedioxy, isopropoxy, isopropylol,isopropylenedioxy, butoxy, butylenedioxy, butylol, iso-butoxy,iso-butylol, isobutylenedioxy, isobutyryl, sec-butoxy, sec-butylol,sec-butylenedioxy, tert-butoxy, tert-butylol, tert-butylenedioxy,butyryl, caproyl, capryl, caprylrl, pentoxy, pentylol, pentalenedioxy,amylol, amylenedioxy, phenoxy, phenylol, phenylenedioxy, phenyl-methoxy,diphenylmethoxy, benzoyl, benzyloxy, benzoxy, iso-benzoyl, napthoxy,napthylol, hexylol, hexamethylol, amylenedioxy, hexadecanoyl,heptanedioyl, hexylenedioxy, carbomethoxy, carbethoxy, carbobenzoxy,carbpropoxy, carbisopropoxy, carbutoxy, phenacyl, phenacylidene,propionyl radicals, methylenedioxyl, carbonyldioxy, etc., includingderivatives, homologes, analoges, and isomers thereof. Additionalnon-limiting oxygen containing radicals include acetyl, acetamido,acetoacetyl, acetonyl, acetonylidene, acrylyl, alanyl, B-alanyl,allophanoyl, anisyl, benzamido, butryl, carbonyl, carboxyl, carbazoyl,caproyl, capryl, caprylrl, carbamide, carbamoyl, carbamyl, carbazoyl,chromyl, cinnamoyl, crotoxyl, cyanato, decanoly, disiloxanoxy, epoxy,formamido, formyl, furyl, furfuryl, furfurylidene, glutaryl,glycinamido, glycolyl, glycyl, glyocylyl, heptadecanoyl, heptanolyl,hydroperoxy, hydroxamino, hydroxylamido, hydrazido/hydrazide, hydroxy,iodoso, isoccyanato, isonitroso, keto, lactyl, methacrylyl, malonyl,nitroamino, nitro, nitrosamino, nitrosimino, nitrosyl/nitroso/nitrilo,oxamido, peroxy, phosphinyl, phosphide/phosphido, phosphite/phosphito,phospho, phosphono, phosphoryl, seleninyl, selenonyl, siloxy,succinamyl, sulfamino, sulfamyl, sulfeno, thiocarboxy, toluyl, ureido,valeryl radicals, etc., including derivatives, homologes, analoges, andisomers thereof.

Additional non-limiting examples of other radicals, include: acetimido,amidino, amido, amino, aniline, anilino, arsino, azido, azino, azo,azoxy, benzylidine, benzldyne, biphenylyl, butylene, iso-butylene,sec-butylene, tert-butylene, cyano, cyanamido, diazo, diazoamino,ethylene, disilanyl, glycidyl, guanidino, guanyl, heptanamido,hydrazino, hydrazo, hypophosphite (hypophosphito), imido, isobutylidene,isopropylidene, silyl, silylene, methylene, mercapto, methylene,et,hylene, naphthal, napthobenzyl, naphthyl, naphthylddene, propylene,propylidene, pryidyl, pyrryl, phenethyl, phenylene, pyridino, sulfinyl,sulfo, sulfonyl, tetramethylene, thenyl, thienyl, thiobenzyl,thiocarbamyl, thiocarbonyl, thiocyanato, thionyl, thiuram, toluidino,tolyl, a-tolyl, -tolylene, a-tolylene, tosyl, triazano, ethenyl (vinyl),selenyl, trihydrocarbylamino, trihaloamino, trihydrocarbyl phosphite,trihalophosphine, trimethylene, trityl, vinylidene, xenyl, xylidino,xylyl, xylylene, 1,3-diene, hydrocarbyl radicals, etc., includingderivatives, homologes, analoges, and isomers thereof. Thus, ringcompounds or metals themselves may directly or indirectly contain one ormore chelating radicals (e.g. carbonyl, cyano, etc.).

One or more of the above radicals may be attached directly or indirectlyto another. Indirect attachment may be via one or more intermediateatom, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal. Metalliccompounds may have one or more non-ring radicals attached. Besireablemetals may for example have one or more alkyl, alkylene or similarradical attached to the metal, or one or more hydroxyl, carbonyl,alkyloxy, alkanol radicals, or combination thereof attached. Examplesinclude

Other metallic compounds may have one or more ring systems attacheddirectly or indirectly to a metal, with or without an attached non-ringradical to the metal.

One or more cyclic rings maybe attached, fused or indirectly attachedtogether or linked together via one or more radicals, one or more atoms,including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus,silicon, boron, sulfur, or a metal.

One or more metals may be attached to each other, for examplehexamethyldisilane, which is a preferred metjillic. Indirect attachmentherein includes attachment via one or more radicals, and/or one or moreatoms, including but not limited, to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal.

As contemplated herein said carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus,silicon, boron, sulfur, or other metal atom, may be attached to itselfor to another herein, one or more times, with each atom optionallyhaving one or more hydrogen and/or radical(s). Said attachment may beindependent of attachment to any other, radical or metal, or may includean attachment to another radical or metal.

Likewise one or more cyclic rings may be attached directly to the metal,or indirectly via one or more non-ring radicals, and/or via one or moreintermediate atoms, including but not ilimitied to carbon, nitrogen,oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal.

Thus, one or more metals may be attached at one, or up to every locationpossible on the ring system, directly and/or indirectly. Likewise, oneor more ring systems may be attached at one, or up to every metallocation possible, directly and/or indirectly.

A non-ring radical may be independently attached directly or indirectlyto the metal, absent its attachment of a ring system. In the practice ofthis invention the attachment of one or more non-ring radical(s) to ametal, absent a ring system is expressly contemplated.

Contemplated oxygenated metallic compounds include metallic alkanols,ethers, ketones,.hydroxides, alkyloxy, including methoxy, dimethoxy,trimethoxy, ethoxy, diethoxy, triethoxy, oxalate, carbonate,dicarbonate, tricarbonate, and similar structured compounds, includingmixture thereof. For example trimethoxymethylsilane (as set forth below)is desireable. Metallic carbonates, including dimetallic carbonates,dimetallic dicarbonates, and the like, are also contemplated. It iscontemplated these oxygenated metallic or organo-metallic compounds maybe employed absent a dialkyl carbonate or other oxygenated ECSstructure.

Likewise one or more non-ring radicals may be independently attacheddirectly or indirectly to the ring system, absent attachment of a metal.An independent attachment of a metal may be via intermediate radical,one or more intermediate atoms, including but not limited to carbon,nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal.

A cyclic ring/radical/side chain may be indirectly attached to the metalthrough one of more atom, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen,oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a metal. Indirectattachment via oxygen is contemplated but less desireable.

Cyclic rings may be attached to one or more non-ring radicals, atomsand/or ring systems prior to a direct or indirect attachment of themetal. For example, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane contains aethyl radical attached to the cyclohexenyl ring, which is then attachedto silicon. This is a preferred metallic structure.

Thus, cyclomatic compounds may contain one or more ring systems,optionally with one or more non-ring radicals attached thereto. Saidring(s) then may be attached directly or indirectly to a metal, withsaid metal in turn optionally attached directly or indirectly to aradical, with said radical being optionally a non-ring radical selectedfrom one or more hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, carbonyl, alkanol,alkanolamine, alkyloxy, oxy or oxygen containing radical. Non-limitingexamples include methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, and cyclohexenyldimethoxymethylsilane.

Another class of desireable metallics include metal hydrides or metallichydryls. Examples of metallic hydryls include sodium hydride, lithiumhydride, aluminum hydride, aluminum borohydride, boron hydride, boronanhydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride,lithium aluminumhydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, transition-metalhydrides, transition-metal carbonyl hydrides, transition-metalcyclopentadienyl hydrides, and mixture. Those hydrides known in the artand those disclosed in Metal Hydrides, Bambakidis, New York, PlenumPress (1981), Boron Hydride Chemistry, Muetterties, New York, AcademicPress (1975), which accomplish primary vapor phase combustion object ofthis invention, are contemplated in the claims below and incorporatedherein by reference.

Organometallic nitrosyls are also desireable. See for example MetalNitrosyls, Richter-Addo, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1992),incorporated by reference. Flammable metal napthenates or metalsderivatives of napthenic acid are desireable, including potassiumnaphthenate.

Alkali/alkali earth metal carbonates (including organic alkyl arylcarbonates), alkali/alkali earth formates, alkali/alkali earthetherates, alkali/alkali earth alkalates, alkali/alkali earth esters,multi-metal alkyl/alkyl earth carbonates, or carbonates including thosewith a hydrogen (e.g. L1HCO3, Na2CO3, NaHC03, MnC03, MgCO3, CaCO3,CaMg(CO3)2, etc,.), alkali metal carbonates, and other metal carbonates(e.g. AgCO3, T12CO3, etc.), including organic derivatives arecontemplated. Contemplated salts also include acid salts containingreplaceable hydrogen. Double oxides and hydroxides are alsocontemplated.

Transition metals and their known cyclomatic compounds, includingcarfoonyl compounds are expressly contemplated. See Fundamentaltransition Metal Organometallic Chemistry, Lukehart, Monteray, Calif.,Brooks/Cole (1985), Transition Metal Compounds, King, New York, AcademicPress (1965), Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry, King, New York,Academic Press (1969), Fundamental Transition Metal OrganometallicChemistry, lukehart, Monterey, Calif., Brooks/Cole (1985), incorporatedherein by reference. A preferred cyclomatic transition metallic is MMT.

Contemplated herein are non-transition-metal compounds known in the art.See Nontransitiori-Metal Compounds, Eisch, New York, Academic Press(1981), incorporated by reference. Non-transition metal compounds thataccomplish primary object of vapor phase combustion are contemplated inthe claims below and incorporated herein by reference.

Likewise known metallocenes are contemplated. Non-limiting examplesinclude alkylmetallocenes, arylmetallocenes, includingdicyclopentadienyl-metal with the general formula (C5H5)2M,dicyclopentadienyl-metal halides with the general formula (C5H5)2MX1-3,monocyclopentadienyl-metal compounds with the general formula C5H5MR1-3,where R is CO, NO, halide group, alkyl group, etc. Non-limiting examplesinclude napthacenes, metallocene,.ferrocene, methylferrocene,cobaltocene, nickelocene, titanocene dichloride, zirconocene dichloride,uranocene, decamethylferrocene, decamethylsilicocene,decamethylgermaniumocene, decamethylstannocene, decamethylphosocene,decamethylosmocene, decamethylruthenocene, decamethylzirconocene,silicocene, decamethylsilicocene, etc., are also contemplated.Metallocenes that accomplish primary object of vapor phase combustionare contemplated in the claims below and incorporated herein byreference. See also Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 12th ed,Lewis, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York (1993), also incorporatedby reference.

Carbonyl compounds are expressly contemplated. A limited number ofexamples include decacarbonyl dimanganese,(acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrhodium. See for example Carbonylation:Direct Synthesis of Carbonyl Compounds, H. M. Colquhoun, Plenum Press(1991), incorporated herein by reference.

As noted above, non-limiting non-leaded simple binary/ternary metalliccompounds, including binary/ternary and higher metallic salts, acidsalts, including those with replaceable hydrogen, etc.j arecontemplated. Hydroxy acids, perchlorates, sulfates, nitrates,carbonates, hydroxides, methylates, ethylates, propylates, and others,are also contemplated. Non-limiting examples include potassium¹ nitrite,sodium nitrite, lithium nitrite, and hexamethylphosphoric triamide.

It is also within the scope and practice of this invention to employoxygenated containing ECS metallic compounds, including oxygenatedorgano metallic compounds, which are metallic alcohols, alkanolamines,ketones, esters, ethers, carbonates, and the like, which are themselvesECS compounds, in hydrocarbon fuels with or absent additional dialkylcarbonate.or other ECS structure. Those metallics are incorporatedherein by reference. Additionally, this invention contemplates one ormore similar organo oxygen containing metallics, including mixture, withor without an ECS compound, to act as neat “stand alone” fuel. Thus, itis an express embodiment to use metallic compounds alone, as singularmeans of enhancing fuel combustion. However, it is preferred themetallic be added to the ECS oxygenate, preferably MTBE, ETBE, DMC, orEthanol, optionally a co-fuel, an oxidizer, catalyst, and/or ahydrocarbon. The contemplated oxidizers of this invention are set forthin the aforementioned PCT applications. Oxidizers, including thoseemployed in rocket propulsion, which are known in the art areincorporated by reference.

It is also within the practice of this invention to employ a metalliccompound, including homologue, analogue, isomer, or derivative thereof,having a structure or structure similar to M-R^(n), R^(n)-M-M-R^(n),R^(n)-M-Q-M-R^(n), R^(n)-Nl-Q -M-R^(n), R^(n)-M-R-M-R^(n), wherein M isone or more non-leaded metal(s), metalloid(s), or non-metal element(s),and R is one or more hydrogen, cyclic ring system/radical/side chain(s),and/or non-ring radical/side chain(s) as provided herein above,including but not limited to alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, alkylanol (alkanol),hydroxyl, aryloxy, polyalkyl, polyaryl, polyalkyloxy, polyalkylanol,polyaryloxy, polyhydroxyl radicals. R is one or more cyclic ringsystem/radical/side chain(s), and/or non-ring radical/side chain(s) asprovided herein. If R is greater than 1, then subsequent R's may be sameor different radical, etc. R also be a single radical or one radicalattached to one or more radicals, “n” is an interger ranging from 1 tothe number of valence electrons (or common oxidation states) availableof M. Q is an atom having a minimum oxidation available of 2, includingbut not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon,boron, sulfur, or a differing metal than M. Q¹ is an atom with a minimumavailable oxidation state of 2, including but not limited to carbon,nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a differingmetal than M, also containing one or more radicals.

Additional oxygenated-organo or oxygenated metallic structure includesM1-O(CO)O-M2, wherein M1 or M2 are the same or different metal orelement. M1 may be a double valence cation, wherein M2 is absent fromabove structure, unless additional carbonate is included. Preferred Mvalences are 1 or 2. M valences or multiple M1M2 combinations havingcombined valence greater than two are acceptable. In which case,additional carbonate structure would be added, e.g. CaMg(CO3)2.

In the immediate structure above, M1/M2 valence's may be greater thanone, wherein excess valence is occupied by same or additional metal(element), and/or wherein M1 or M2 are substituted for a single ordouble bond oxygen, and/or by one or more radicals. M1 or M2 also may besubstituted for single bond oxygen, or nitrogen, and/or by one or moreradicals, including methyl, hydrogen, hydroxy, ethoxy, carbethoxy,carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxyl, methyoxy, isonitro,isonitroso, or methylenedioxyl radical. Non-limiting examples includecarbonates of lithium [Li2O2(CO)], ammonium manganese, potassium[K2O2(CO)], sodium, calcium, cesium, copper, rubidium, lithium hydrogen,sodium hydrogen, potassium hydrogen, potassium sodium, magnesium, andthe like.

It is contemplated that C2 to C8 metallic ethers, C2 to C4/C5/C6metallic ethers being more desireable, will be used as metallicstructure in this invention. For example, M′1-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-M′2structure is contemplated wherein M′1 and M′2 may be same or differentmetallic or wherein one M′1 or M′2 may be hydrogen, or other atom, orradical with one available valence.

Other contemplated structure include metallic ketones, esters (esters ofboric acid), alcohols, acids, and the like. Non-limiting examplesinclude M1-C-OH3-R, wherein M1 is one or more metallic comprisingvalence of 3 or greater, and R is radical, whereby resulting structureis ketone, ester, acid, alcohol, or ether. Other structure includeM1-C2O4, wherein M′1 has a valence of 2. M1-C-C-0-C-C-M2 structure isalso contemplated wherein M1 and M2 may be same or different metallic orwherein M2 may be hydrogen or atom of one valence. Other structureincludes RO-M, where RO is an alkanol and M is a metal. Similarstructure is contemplated for M have available valence greater than 1.

As in the case of ECS oxygenates, the carbon chains of organo-ECSmetallics are preferably shorter than longer. For example/, a 5 carbonatom straight chain, which is immediately antecedent to a metal atom, isless preferred than a 4 carbon straight carbon atom chain. A threecarbon chain is more preferred over a 4 carbon atom chain, arid a twomore preferred than a 3. Generally the longer the chain, the lessdesireable. An exception would be where the chain length and characterpositively increases burning velocity.

Where there is an intermediate oxygen or nitrogen atom between thecarbon chain and the metal atom, particularly if the oxygen or nitrogenatom is attached to the metal, a chain of two carbon atoms is generallypreferred over a single carbon atom. In such cases an ethyl radical isgenerally preferred over propyl, which is preferred over butyl radicals.Branch chains are preferred over straight chains with the same number ofcarbon atoms.

Chains greater than 10 carbon atoms long are less desireable and notnormally contemplated. Thus, the oil soluble metal soap of aluminumstearate, which has three separate 17 carbon chains each connected tothe aluminum atom through an intermediate oxygen atom [CHs (CH2) isCOO]sAL, is not an effective ECS metallic and is excluded. Poorlycombustible long chain metal soaps are excluded from the ECS metallicscontemplated herein. Also excluded is cetyl pyrdrium chloride.

Non limiting examples of lithium derivative compounds of this invention,include: lithium bis (dimethylsilyl-)amide, lithiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide, oxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid lithiumsalt, lithium salt 5-nitroorotic acid, lithium D-gluconate, lithiumhexacyanoferrate(ill) (Li3Fe (CN)6) , lithium diphenylphosphide, lithiumacetate, lithium acetate acid, lithium salt acetic acid, lithiumacetamide, lithium anilide, lithium azide, lithium benzamide, lithiumantimonide, lithium orthoarsenate, lithium orthoarsenite, lithiummeta-arsenite, lithium diborane, lithium pentaborate, lithium dihydroxydiborane, lithium borohydride, lithium cadium iodide, lithium chloride,lithium calcium chloride, lithium carbide, lithium carbonate, lithiumhydrogen carbonate, lithium carbonate, alkyl lithium carbonates, lithiummethyl carbonate, lithium ethyl carbonate, lithium carbonyl, lithiumcobalt (II) cyanide, lithium cobalt (III) cyanide, lithiumcobaltinitrite, lithium cynomanganate (II), lithium cynomanganate .(III), lithium citrate, lithium ferricyanide, lithium ferrocyanide, lithiumformate, lithium hydride, lithium hydroxide, lithium manganate, lithiumpermanganate, lithium methionate, lithium napthenate, lithium nitride,lithium nitrate, lithium nitrite, lithium nitrobenzene (e.g.lithium-p-nitrobenzene), lithium nitrophenoxide/lithium etherate,lithium chromate/lithium oleate, lithium oxalate, lithium oxalatoferrate(II), lithium oxa.latof errate (III), lithium monoxide, lithium oxide,lithium peroxide, .lithium mono-orthophosphate, lithium hypophosphite,lithium orthophosphite, lithium hydroxoplumbate, lithium rhodiumcyanide, lithium selenide, lithium selenite, lithium selenocynate,lithium selenocyanoplatinate, lithium disilicate, lithium metasilicate,lithium sodium carbonate, lithium sodium ferricyanide, lithiumhydroxostannate, lithium disufide, lithium hydrosulfide, lithiumpentasulfide, lithium tetrasulfide, lithium trisulfide, lithiumtelluride, lithium thioarsenate, lithium thioarsenite, lithiumtrithiocarbonate, lithium thiocyariate, lithium amide, lithium salt(E,E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, dilithium fluorophosphate, dilithiumfluorophosphite, trilithium phosphate, trilithium .phosphite, lithiumperchlorate, propanoic acid lithium salt, lithium formate, lithiumcyanate, lithium hexacyanocobaltate (III), lithium hypophosphite,lithium hexaflurorsilicate, lithium nitroprusside, lithium phenoxide,lithium phosphate (dibas,ic, monobasic, tribasic), lithium salicylate,lithium selenide, lithium tetracyanonickelate (II), lithiumtetrafluoroborate, lithium xanthogenate, lithium-p-aminobenzoate,lithium copper ferrocynanide, lithium cupric ferrocyanide, lithiumhexafluorophosphate, lithium hexanitricobaltate III, lithiumnaphthenate, lithium-B-naphthoxide, lithium polysulfide, lithium -sodiumphosphate, lithium stearate, lithium sulfide, lithium sulfite, lithiumsulfate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium xanthate, lithium fluorosilicate,N-lithiumethylenediamine, oxalic acid dilithium salt, lithiumbeta-hydropyruvic acid, lithium.1,1-dimethylurea, lithium1,1-diethylurea, lithium 1,1-diepropylurea, lithium xanthate, lithiumethylxanthate, lithium methylxanthate, lithium salt thiophenol, lithiumtriphenyltnethyllithium, methyllithium, ethyllithium,lithiumethynyl(acetylide), propyllithium, isopropyllithium,butyllithium, isobutyllithium, secbutyllithium, tertbutyllithium,pentalithium, hexyllithium, heptalithium, amyllithium, isoamyllithium,benzyllithium, dimethylbenzyl-lithium, tolyllithium, dodecyllithium,eyelopentadienyllithium, methylcyclopentadienyllithium,cyclohexyllithium, lithiumheptyl, lithiumdodecyl, lithium tetradecyl,lithium hexadecyl, lithium octadecyl, phenyllithium, lithium o-tolyl,lithium m-tolyl, lithium p-tolyl, lithium-p-chlorophenyl, lithiump-bromophenyl, lithium o-anisyl, lithium m-anisyl, lithium p-anisyl,lithium diethoxyphenyl, lithium dimethoxyphenol, lithium m-cumyl,lithium p-ethoxyphenyl, lithium m-dimethylaminophenyl, lithium9-flourene, lithium a-napthyl, lithium b-napthyl, lithiump-phenylphenyl, lithium 9-phenylanthryl, lithium 9-anthryl, lithium9-methyl-phenanthryl, lithium pyridyl, lithium 2-pyridyl, lithium3-pyridyl, lithium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, lithium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl, lithiumdibenzofuryl, lithium 3-quinoyl, lithium 2-lepidyl, lithiumtriphenylmethyl, lithium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, lithium2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, lithium 2,3,5,6-tetraisopropylphenyl, lithiumtetrabutylphenyl, thiophenedilithium, toluenedilithium,dipheny-lethylenedilithium, lithiumamylethynyl, lithiumphenyl-ethynyl,lithiummethoxybromophenyl, lithium phenylisopropyl, lithiumtetraphenylboron, lithium tetramethylboron, lithium a-thienyl, lithiumm-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenylethynylli thium, 3-furyllithium,phenylisopropyllithium, dibenzofuranyllithium, lithium dimethylbenzyl,lithium selenocyanate, lithium trimethyl-silanolate, diphenylphosphide,lithium benzoate, lithium tert-butyl carbonate, lithium azide,di-lithiumcyanamide, lithium cyanide, lithium dicyanamide,cyclohexanebutyric acid lithium salt, cyclohexane acid lithium salt,cyclopentadientyllithium, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride,lithium triethyl-borohydride, lithium trimethyl-borohydride, lithiumtripropyl-borohydride, lithium triisopropylborohydride, lithiumtributylborohydride, lithium triisobutylborohydride, lithiumtri-sec-butylborohydride, lithium tri-tert-butylborohydride, lithiumtrisiamylborohydride, lithium chlorate, lithium tert-butoxide, lithiumsec-butoxide, iso-butoxide, lithium antimonate, lithiumdiphenylphosphide, lithium bis(trismethylsilyl)amide, trilithiumphosphite, lithium selenocyanate, lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride,lithium triethylsilanolate, lithiumthiocyanate, lithium acetylide,lithium chlorate, lithium salicylate, lithium di-lithiumtetracarbonylferrate, lithium tetraphenylborate, lithiumtriethylborohydride, lithium triacetoxy-borohydride, lithiumtriphenylborane, lithium hydroxide, lithium diphenylphosphide, lithiummethoxide, lithium ethoxide, lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride,tri-tert-butylborohydride, lithium triethylborohydride, lithiumtriphenylborohydride, lithium trisiamylborohydride, lithiummetavanadate, lithium cyclohexanebutyrate, lithium hexachloroplatinate,lithium thiocyanate, lithium selenocyanate, lithium cyanate, lithiumfloride, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroaluminate,lithiumaluminate, lithiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxide, lithiumhexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorosilicate, lithiumhexacyanocobalt(II)ferrate(II), lithium ferrosilicon,dilithiumhexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II), lithium hexafluorotitanate,lithium hexafluorozirconate/lithium hexahydroxyantimonate, lithiumhexachlororuthenate, lithium hexachlbropalladate, lithium formate,lithium tetracyahbnickelate, lithium tetrafluoroaluminate, lithiumtetrafluoroborate, lithium thioacetate, L-glutamic acid monolithiumsalt, fumaric acid lithium salt, oxamic acid lithium salt, lithium saltdiphenyl-phospane, P-aminobenzoic lithium salt, aminobenzole acidlithium salt, alpha-napthaleneacetic acid lithium salt, dilithium salt2, 6-naphthalenedicarbox{circumflex over ( )}lic acid, lithiumcyclcohexanetherate, lithium phthalimide, P-aminosalicylic acid lithiumsalt, lithium salt 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate, indolebutyric acidlithium salt,indole-3-butyric acid lithium salt, diphenylphosphide,lithium dimethyl-silanolate, lithium, triethylborohydride, lithiumpropoxide, lithium isopropoxide, lithium butoxide, lithium sec-butoxide,lithium pentoxide, lithium tert-pentoxide, lithium hydrogenphthalate,lithium oxalate, lithium hydrogensulfate, monolithiumacetylenedicarboxylic acid, lithium pyrophosphate, lithiumdihydrogenphosphate, lithium hexoate (lithium salt hexoic acid), lithiumdiphenylphosphide, lithium trimethylsilonalate, lithium phthalic acid,P-aminobenzoic acid lithium salt, monolithium L-aspartic acid,tetraphenyldilithium (C6H5) 2CLi2C (C6H5)2, lithiumethylphenyl(LiCH2C6H5), lithium bromate, lithium hydrogenphospate, monlithium saltD-shaccharic acid, Dl-asparatic lithium salt,(R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspartic acid lithium salt, lithium fluoride,lithium iodate, lithium salt ethyl malonate, lithium thioacetate,lithium phenol, lithium salt aminobenzoic acid, lithium aminophenolsalt, lithium cyclohexenol, lithium methylcyclohexenol, lithiumcyclopropanol, lithium methylcyclopropanol, lithium cyclobutanol,lithium methylcyclobutanol, lithium methylcyclopentanol, lithiumcyclopentanol, lithium cyclohexenol, lithium methylcyclohexenol, lithiumdimethyl-cyclohexenols (e.g. lithium 3,5-dimethylcyclo-hexanol, lithium2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, lithium 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, lithium2,5-dimethyleyelohexanol, 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol), lithiumo-ethylxanthic acid, monolithium salt 2-ketoglutaric acid, dilithiumsalt, ketomalonic acid, lithium salt lactic acid, dilithium thiosulfate,lithium antimony tartrate, lithium di-chloroacetate, lithiumdimethylacetate, lithium diethylacetate, lithium dipropylacetate,lithium metaborate, lithium tetraborate, lithium tetrachlorocuprate,lithium acetoacetate, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide,lithium dimethylamide, lithium bis(dimethyl-silyl)amide, dilithium,phthalocyanine, dilithiumtetra-bromocuprate, dilithiumtetrabromonickelate, dilithiumtetra-chloromanganate, dilithiumbutadiyne,lithium cyclopentadienide, lithium-dicyclohexylamide, lithiumdiethylamide, lithium dimethylamide, lithium dipropylamide, lithiumdiisopropylamide, lithium thexylborohydride, lithiumtri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride, lithium trimethyl-silyl)acetylitie,lithium triethylsilyl)-acetylide, lithium trist(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride, (phenylethynyl)lithium,2-thienyllithium, lithium diethyldihydro-aluminate, lithiumdimethyldihydroaluminate, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium bifluoride,lithium biphenyl, lithium bis-elenite, lithiumbis(2-methoxyethoxy)-aluminum hydride, lithium bismuthate, lithiumborate, lithium chlorite, lithium cobaltnitrite, lithiumcyanoborohydride, lithium cyclopentadienide, lithium dicyanamide,lithium hexametaphosphate, lithium hexanitro-colbaltate, lithiumhydrogenphosphite, lithium hydrogenselenite, lithium hydrogensulfite,lithium hydrosulfite, lithium hypochloride, lithium metaarsenite,lithium metabisulfide, lithium metaperiodate, lithium methacrylate,lithium nitrbferricyanide, oxybate, lithiumpentamethylcyclo-pentadienide, lithium phenolate, polyphosphate, lithiumpolypho-sphite, lithium propionate, lithium pyrophosphate, lithiumselenate, lithium selenite, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithiumthiomethoxide, lithium thiosulfate, lithium thiosulfide, lithiumthiosulfite, lithium triactoxyborohydride, lithium trimethylsilonate,lithium triethylsilonate, lithium tris(1-pyrazoly)borohydride, includinganalogues, homologue, isomers and derivatives thereof. See LithiumChemistry: A Theorical and Experimental Overview Sapse, Schleyer, JohnWiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995), incorporated herein by reference. Nonlimiting examples of the boron derivative compounds, of this inventioninclude: alkyl boron compounds, aryl boron compounds,1,3,2-benzodioxaborole, diisopropoxymethylborane, ethylborane,diethylborane, diemthylborane, dicyclohexyl-borane, boric acid esters(e.g. borate ester, dimethyl borate, di-n-butyl borate, dicyclohexylborate, didodecylborate, di-p-cresyl borates), phenylboronic acid,.2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxborinane, pyrrolyboranes (e.g. 1-pyrrolyborane,2-pyrrolyborane), tetrabutylammonium borohydride, tetramethylammoniumborohydride, tetraisoproplyammonium borohydride, tetrapropylammoniumborohydride, tetraethylammonium borohydride, tetraisobutylammoniumborohydride, tetra-tert-butylammonium borohydride,tetra-sec-butylammonium borohydride, tetrabutylammoniumcyanoborohydride, tetramethylammonium cyanoborohydride,tetraisoproplyammonium cyanoborohydride, tetrapropylammoniumcyanoborohydride, tetraethylammonium cyanoborohydride,tetraisobutylammonium cyanoborohydride, tetra-tert-butylammoniumcyanoborohydride, tetra-sec-butylammonium cyanoborohydride,tetramethylammonium tri-acetoxyborohydride, thiopheneboric acid,2-thiopheneboric acid, 3-thiopheneboric acid, tolylboronic acid (e.g.o-tolylboronic acid, p-tolylboronic acid, m-tolylboronic acid),tributoxyborane, tributylborane, tri-sec-butylborane,tri-tert-butylborane, tributylborate, tri-tert-butylborate,trimethoxyboroxine, trimethylamineboran, trimethylborate,trimethylboroxine, trimethylborazine, trimethylene borate,triphenylborate, triphenylborane, tribenzyl borate, borate,trisiamylborane, tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate, boron hydride, lithiumborohydride, sodium borohydride, boron hydrate, boron hydride, boronanhydride, triethylboron (C2H5)3, decaborane, borazoles, aluminimumborohydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride,hexamethyldiamineborane (CH3)3NBH(CH3)3), (CH3)2BI, berylliumborohydride(Be(BH4)2), trimethoxytriborate (BO)3(OCH3)3, C4H9B(OH)2, Al(BH4)2,Be(BH4)2, LiBH4, B(OC2H5)3, B(OCH3)3, trimethoxytriborane,3-bromophenylboronic acid, trimethoxy borate, triethoxy borate,triproxyborate, tributoxyborate, triisobutoxyborate,tri-tert-butoxyborate, tri-sec-butoxyborate, tri-phenoxyborate,tri-phenoxyboroamine, tri-phenoxyborane, phenylboronic acid,benzylboronic acid, cylohexylboronic acid, cylohexenylboronic acid,cyclopentylboronic acid, methylphenylboronic acid,methylcylohexylboronic acid, methylcyclopentylboronic acid,methylbenzylboronic acid, dimethylphenylboronic acid,dimethylcylohexylboronic acid, dimethylcyclopentylboronic acid,dimethylbenzylboronic acid, diphenylboronic acid, dibenzylboronic acid,dicylohexylboronic acid, dicylohexenylboronic acid, dicyclopentylboronicacid, methyldiphenylboronic acid, bis-[(methyl)cylohexyl]boronic acid,bis[(methyl)cyclopentyl]boronic acid, bis[(methyl)benzyl]boronic acid,bis[(dimethyl)phenyl]-boronic acid, bis[(dimethyl)cylohexyl]boronicacid, bis[(dimethyl) cyclopentyl]boronic acid, bis[(dimethyl)benzyl]boronic acid, phenylboroncarbonyl,benzylboroncarbonyl, cylohexylboroncarbonyl, cylohexenylboroncarbonyl,cyclopentylboroncarbonyl, methylphenylboroncarbonyl,methylcylohexylboroncarbonyl, methylcyclopentylboroncarbonyl,methylbenzylboroncarbonyl, phenylboronic acid carbonyl, benzylboronicacid carbonyl, cylohexylboronic acid carbonyl, cylohexenylboronic acidcarbonyl, cyclopentylboronic acid carbonyl, methylphenyl-boronic acidcarbonyl, methylcylohexylboronic acid carbonyl, methylcyclopentylboronicacid carbonyl, methylbenzylboroncarbonyl, dimethylphenylboroncarbonyl,dimethylcylohexylboroncarbonyl, dimethyl-cyclopentyl-boroncarbonyl,dimethylbenzylboroncarbonyl, diphenylboroncarbonyl,dibenzylboroncarbonyl,dicylohexylboron-carbonyl,dicylohexenylboroncarbonyl,dicyclopentylboroncarbonyl, methyldiphenylboroncarbonyl,di[(methyl)cylohexyl]boroncarbonyl,di[(methyl)cytlopentyl]boroncarbonyl, di[(methyl)benzyl]boroncarbonyl,di[(dimethyl)phenyl]boroncarbonyl, di[(dimethyl)cylohexyl]boroncarbonyl,di[(dimethyl)cyclopentyl]boroncarbonyl,di[(dimethyl)benzyl]boroncarbonyl, phenylboromethoxide(phenylborodimethoxide C6H5B (OCH3)2), benzylboromethoxide,cylohexylboromethoxide, cylohexenylboromethoxide,cyclopentylboro-methoxide, methylphenylboromethoxide,methylcylohexylboro-methoxide, methyl-cyclopentylboromethoxide,methylbenzyl-boromethoxide, methylphenylboromethoxide,dimethylphenylboromethoxide, methylcylohexylboromethoxide,dimethylcylohexyl-boromethoxide, methylcyclopentylboromethoxide,dimethylcyclopentylboromethoxide, methylbenzylboromethoxide,dimethylbenzylboromethoxide, diphenylboromethoxide,dibenzylboromethoxide, dicylohexylboromethoxide,dicylohexenylboromethoxide, dicyclopentylboromethoxide,di(methylphenyl)boromethoxide, di(methylcylohexyl)boromethoxide,di(methylcyclopentyl)boromethoxide, di(methylbenzyl)boromethoxide,di(dimethyl-phenyl)boromethoxide, di(dimethylcylohexyl)boromethoxide,di(dimethylcyclopentyl)boromethoxide, di(dimethylbenzyl)boromethoxide,phenylboroethoxide (phenylborodiethoxide C6H5B(OCH3)2),benzylboroethoxide, cylohexylboroethoxide, cylohexenylboroethoxide,cyclopentyl-boroethoxide, methylphenylboroethoxide,methylcylohexylboro-ethoxide, methylcyclopentylboroethoxide,methylbenzyl-boroethoxide, methylphenylboroethoxide,dimethylphenyl-boroethoxide, methylcylohexylboroethoxide,dimethylcylohexylboroethoxide, methylcyclopentylboroethoxide,dimethylcyclopentyl-boroethoxide, methylbenzylboroethoxide,dimethylbenzyl-boroethoxide, diphenylboroethoxide, dibenzylboroethoxide,dicylohexylboroethoxide, dicylohexenylboroethoxide,dicyclopentylboroethoxide, di(methylphenyl)boroethoxide,di(methylcylohexyl)boroethoxide, di(methyl-cyclopentyl)boroethoxide,di(methylbenzyl)boroethoxide, di(dimethylphenyl)boroethoxide,di(dimethyl-cylohexyl)boroethoxide, di(dimethylcyclopentyl)boroethoxide,di(dimethylbenzyl)boroethoxide, phenylboric acid, benzylboric acid,cylohexylboric acid, cylohexenylboric acid, cyclopentylboric acid,methylphenylboric acid, methylcylohexylboric acid,methylcyclopentylboric acid, methylbenzylboric acid, dimethylphenylboricacid, dimethyl-cylohexylboric acid, dimethylcyclopentylboric acid,dimethylbenzylboric acid, dibenzylboric acid, dicylohexylboric acid,dicylohexenylboric acid, dicyclopentylboric acid, methyldiphenylboricacid, bis(methylcylohexyl)boric acid, bis[methylcyclopentyl]boric acid,bis [methylbenzyl]boric acid, bis [dimethyIphenyl]boric acid,bis[dimethylcylohexyl]boric acid, bis[dimethylcyclopentyl]boric acid,bis[dimethylbenzyl]boric acid, aminophenylboronic acid,3-aminophenylboronic acid, diborane, tetramethoxydiborane,tetraethoxydiborane, boric acid, borazine, borocarbonate,borane-tert-butylamine, tetraethylammonium borohydride,tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrapropylammoniumtetrafluoroborate, naphthylboronic acids (e.g. 1-naphthylboronic acid,2-naphthylboronic acid, 3-naphthylboronic acid, 4-naphthylboronic acid),methylnaphthlboronic acid, biphenylboronic acid, carborane,cyclohexylamine diborane, methylbenzeneboric acid, dimethylbenzeneboricacids (e.g. 3,5-dimethylbenzeneboric acid), hexadecaneboronic acid,tetreadecaneboronic acide, phenylethylboroamine, methylborazine,dimethylborazine, trimethylborazine, ethylborazine, diethylborazine,triethylborazine, carboborazine, dicarboborazine, tricarboborazine,triisopropoxyboroxine, tripropoxyboroxine, trimenthyl borate, trimenthylborine, trimenthyl borane, trimethallyl borate, trimethallyl borine,tripentyl borate, tripentyl borine, tripentyl borane, trimethyl borate,trimethylborine, triethylborine, triethylborane, triethylborate,tripropylborane, tripropylborine, tripropylborate (tripropoxyborane),triisopropylborane, triisopropylborate, triisopropylborine,tri-iso-butylborane, tri-iso-butylborate, tri-sec-borane,tri-sec-borate, tri-sec-borine, tributyl borate, tributyl borine,tributyl borane, tri-tert-butyl borate, tri-tert-butyl borine,tri-tert-butyl borane, triphenyl borate, triphenyl borane,tricyclohexylborate, tricyclohexylborane, dimethyl boric acid,diethylboric acid, dipropylboric acid, diisopropylboric acid,di-iso-butylboric acid, di-sec-boric acid, dibutylboratic acid,di-tert-butylboric acid, diphenylboric acid, dicyclohexylboric acid,boron tribromide, sodium tetrafluoroborane, sodium trimethylborohydride,triethylborohydride, sodium tripropylborohydride, sodiumtriisopropylborohydride, sodium tributylborohydride, sodiumtriisobutylborohydride, sodium-tert-butylborohydride,sodium-sec-butylborohydride, sodiumphenylborohydride, potassiumtetrafluoroborane. potassium trimethylborohydride, triethylborohydride,potassium tripropylborohydride, potassium triisopro-pylborohydride,potassium tributylbprohydride, potassium triisobutylborohydride,potassium-tert-butylborohydride, potassium-sec-butylborohydride,potassium phenylborohydride, butylboronic acid, sodiumborohydride,methyldichloroborane, ethyl dichloroborane, propyldichloroborane,isopropyldichloroborane, butylddchloroborane, isobutyldichloroborane,tertbutyldichloroborane, secbutyldichloroborane, phenyldichloroborane,methylboric acid, ethylboric acid, trichloroborazine,borane-tetrahydrofuran, tetrafluoroboric acid, boron trichloride,tre-sec-butylborane, boran-trimethylamine, borane-triethylamine,borane-N,N-diethylaniline, boran-pyridine, borane-tert-butylamine,borane-morpholine, borane-dimethylamine, borane-diethylamine,trisiamylborane, trisiamylborate, disiamyl-borane, disiamylborate,trimesitylborane, sodium metaborate, lithium metaborate, potassiummetaborate, sodium metaborane, borane-tributylphosphine, lanthanumhexaboride, boran-triphenylphosphine, boran-tributylphosphine,cyclopentadienylboran, methylcyclopentadienylboran,boran-N,N-diisopropylborohydride,N,N-bis(mono-isoipinocampheylborane)-N,N,N.N.-tetramethylethylenediamine,boron nit,ride, 4-(borane-dimethylamine) benzene,4-(borane-dimethylamine)pyridyl, 3-(methylthio)proplyborane,tris(dimethylamino)borane, butyldiisopropoxyborane, triphenyl boranesodium, sodiumtetraphenylborane, sodiumtetraphenylborane, sodiumtetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borane, sodium tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate,diisopropoxyphenylborate, diisopropoxymethylborate,diisopropoxyethylborate, boron-ammonia, borontrifluoride,diethyl(3-pyridyl)borane, dimethyl(3-pyridyl)borane, lithiumthexylborohydride, dichloromethyldiisopropylborate,diethyl-methoxyborane, dipropylmethoxyborane, diisopropylmethoxyborane,diethylethoxyborane, dipropylethoxyborane, diisopropylethoxyborane,boran-piperidine, diphenylborinic anhydride,tris(tri-methylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)borane, trimethylaceticacid with diethylboinic acid, (2-methylpropyl)borinic acid, boroglycine,boron alchols, boron etherates, boron acetates (e.g.propylborodiacetate, phenyl-borodiacetate, borontris(trifluoro)acetate), sodium tris(l-pyrazolyl)borohydride, sodiumperborate, tolylboronic acid, aluminum diboride,chlorodicyclohexylborane, methyldicyclohexylborane,ethyldicyclohexylborane, propyl-dicyclohexylborane,isopropyldicyclohexylborane, dimethyl-cyclohexylborane,diethylcyclohexylborane, dipropylcyclohexylborane,diisopropylcyclohexylborane, lithium tetramethylboron, lithiumtetraethylboron, lithium tetrapropyllboron, lithium tetraisopropylboron,tetrabutylboron, lithium tetraisobutylboron, lithiumtetra-sec-butylboron, tetra-tert-butylboron, lithium tetraphenylboron,potassium hydroxide with trimethylboron, potassium hydroxide withtriethylboron, potassium hydroxide with tripropyllboron, potassiumhydroxide with tri-isopropylboron, tributylboron, potassium hydroxidewith tri-isobutylbbron, potassium hydroxide with tri-sec-butylboron,tri-tert-butylboron, potassium hydroxide with triphenylboroh,vinylphenylboronic acid, 4-vinylphenylboronic acid, boron phosphide,boron carbide, borinoaminoborine, boroethane, pentaborane, hexaborane,decaborane, triselenideborane, hexasilicide borane, trisilicide borane,trichloroborine dimethyletherate, trichloroborine trimethlyammine,trimethylborine trimethlyammine, trimethylborine triethlyammine,triethylborine trimethlyammine, tricyclohexylborine,tri-n-hexyltriborine trioxane, triisoamylborate, triisoamylborine,tri-p-anisylborine, trimethoxyboroxine, tri-methylamminoborine,triethylamminoborine, tripropylamminoborine, triisopropylamminoborine,triisobutylamminoborine, tributylamminoborine,tri-sec-butylamminoborine, tri-tert-butylamminoborine,triphenyl-amminoborine, tribenzylamminoborine, trimethylamminoboricacid, triethylamminoboric acid, tripropylamminoboric acid,triisopropylamminoboric acid, triisobutylamminoboric acid,tributylamminoboric acid, tri-sec-butylamminoboric acid,tri-tert-butylamminoboric acid, triphenylamminoboric acid,tribenzylamminoboric acid, trimethyldiborane, triethyldiborane,tripropyldiborane, trimethylt-riborinetriamine (B),triethyltriborinetriamine (B), trimethyltriborinetriamine (N),triethyltriborinetriamine (N), trimethyltriborinetriamine (N—B—B¹),triethyltriborinetriamine (N—B—B), tri-B-naphthylborate,tri-a-naphthaborate, tripehnylborineammine, tri-p-tolyborine,tri-p-xylxborine, including analogues, homologues, isomers andderivatives thereof. Corresponding compounds of aluminum, gallium,indium, and thallium are contemplated. See Organo Boron Chemistry,Volumes I & II (and subsequent volumes, editions, or supplements),Howard Steinberg, InterScience Publishers (1966), Boron-NitrogenCompounds, Niedenzu, Dawson, New york, Academic Press (1965), TheOrganic Compounds of Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium,Nesmeianov, Nikolaevich, Amterdam, North-Holland Pub. Co. (1967),Peroxides, Superperoxides, and azomides of Alkali and Alkali EarthMetals, Perekisi, N.Y., Plenum Press (19966), incorporated herein byreference.

Non-limiting examples of sodium derivative compounds of this inventioninclude: sodium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, sodiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide, pxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid sodiumsalt, sodium salt 5-nitroorotic acid, sodium D-gluconate, sodiumhexacyanoferrate(JII) (Li3Fe(CN)6), sodium diphenylphosphide, sodiumacetate, sodium acetate acid, sodium salt acetic acid, sodium acetamide,sodium anilide, sodium azide, ammonium diisodiumamminepehtacyanoferrate, sodium benzamide, sodium, antimonide, sodiumbrthoarsenate, sodium orthoarsenite, sodium meta-atsenite, sodiumdiborane, sodium pentaborate, sodium dihydroxy diborane, sodiumborohydride, sodium cadium iodide, sodium chloride, sodium calciumchloride, sodium carbide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate,sodium alkyl carbonates, sodium aryl carbonates, sodium methylcarbonate, sodium ethyl carbonate, sodium carbonyl, sodium cobalt (II)cyanide, sodium cobalt (III) cyanide, sodium cobaltinitrite, sodiumcynomanganate (II), sodium cynomanganate (III), sodium citrate, sodiumferrosilicoh, sodium ferricyanide, sodium ferrocyanide, sodiumnitroferricyanide)sodium aminepentacyanide, sodium formates, sodiumhydride, sodium,hydroxide, sodium manganate, sodium permanganate, sodiummethionate, sodium napthenate, sodium nitride, sodium nitrate, sodiumnitrite, sodium nitrobenzene (e.g. sodium-p-nitrobenzene), sodiumnitrophenoxide, sodium etherate, sodium chromate, sodium oleate, sodiumoxalate, sodium oxalatoferrate (II), sodium oxalatoferrate (III), sodiummonoxide, sodium oxide, sodium peroxide, sodium, sodiummono-orthophdsphate, sodium hypophosphite, sodium orthophosphite, sodiumhydroxoplumbate, sodium rhodium cyanide, sodium selenide, sodiumselenite, sodium selenocynate, sodium selenocyanoplatinate, sodiumdisilicate, sodium metasilicate, lithium sodium carbonate, lithiumsodium ferricyanide, sodium hydroxostannate, sodium disufide, sodiumhydrosulfide, sodium pentasulfide, sodium tetrasulfide, sodiumtrisulfide, sodium telluride, sodium thioarsenate, sodium thioarsenite,sodium trithiocarbonate, sodiumthiocyanate, sodiumamide, sodiumsalt(E,E)-2,4-hex-adienoic acid, disodium fluorophosphate, disodiumfluorophosphite, trisodium phosphate, trisodium phosphite, sodiumperchlorate, propanoic acid sodium salt, sodium formate, sodium cyanate,sodium hexacyanocobaltate (III), sodium hypophosphite, sodiumhexaflurorsilicate, sodium nitroprusside, sodium phenoxide, sodiumphosphate(dibasic, monobasic, tribasic), sodium salicylate, sodiumselenide, sodium tetracyanonickelate (II), sodium tetrafluoroborate,sodium xanthogenate, sodium-p-aminobenzoate, sodium copperferrocynanide, sodium cupric ferrocyanide, sodium hexafluorophosphate,sodium hexanitricobaltate III, sodium naphthenate, sodium—B-naphthoxide, sodium polysulfide, lithium-sodium phosphate, sodiumstearate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, sodiumthiocyanate, sodium xanthate, sodium fluorosilicate,N-sodiumethylenediamine, oxalic acid disodium salt, sodiumbeta-hydropyruvic acid, sodium 1,1-dimethylurea, sodium1,1-.diethylurea, sodium 1,1-diepropylurea, sodium xanthate, sodiumethylxanthate, sodium methylxanthate, sodium salt thiophenol, sodiumtriphenylmethylsodium, methylsodium, ethylsodium,sodiumethynyl(acetylide), propylsodium, isopropylsodium, butylsodium,isobutylsodium, secbutylsodium, tertbutylsodium, pentasodium,hexylsodium, heptasodium, amylsodium, isoamylsodium, benzylsodium,dimethylbenzylsodium, tolylsodium, dodecylsodium,eyelopentadienylsodium, methyleyelopentadienylsodium, cyclohexylsodium,sodiumheptyl, sodiumdodecyl, sodium tetradecyl, sodium hexadecyl, sodiumoctadecyl, phenylsodium, sodiumo-tolyl, sodium m-tolyl, sodium p-tolyl,sodium-p-chlorophenyl, sodium p-bromophenyl, sodium o-anisyl, sodiumm-anisyl, sodium p-anisyl, sodium diethoxyphenyl, sodiumdimethoxyphenol, sodium m-cumyl, sodium p-ethoxyphenyl, sodiumm-dimethylaminophenyl, sodium 9-flourene, sodium a-napthyl, sodiumb-napthyl, sodium p-phenylphenyl, sodium 9-phenylanthryl, sodium9-anthryl, sodium 9-methylphenanthryl, sodium pyridyl, sodium 2-pyridyl,sodium 3-pyridyl, sodium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, sodium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl,sodium dibenzofuryl, sodium 3-quinoyl, sodium 2-lepidyl, sodiumtriphenylmethyl, sodium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, sodium2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, sodium 2,3,5,6-tetraisopropylphenyl, sodiumtetrabutylphenyl, thiophenedisodium, toluenedisodium,diphenylethylenedi-sodium, sodiumamylethynyl, sodiumphenylethynyl,sodium-met hoxybromophenyl, sodium phenylisopropyl, sodiumtetraphenylboron, sodium tetramethylboron, sodium a-thienyl, sodiumm-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenylethynylsodlum, 3-furylsodium,phenylisopropylsodium, dibenzofuranylsodium, sodium dimethylbenzyl,sodium selenocyanate, sodium trimethylsilanolate, diphenylphosphide,sodium benzoate, sodium tert-butyl carbonate, sodium azide,di-sodium-cyanamide, sodium cyanide, sodium dicyanamide,cyclohexanebutyric acid sodium salt, cyclohexane acid sodium salt,cyclopentadientylsodium, sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride,sodiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxide, sodium triethylborohydride, sodiumtrimethylborohydride, sodium tripropylborohydride, sodiumtriisopropylborohydride, sodium tributylborohydride, sodiumtriisobutylborohydride, sodium tri-sec-butylborohydride, sodiumtri-tert-butylborohydride, sodium trisiamylborohydride, sodium chlorate,sodium tert-butoxide, sodium sec-butoxide, iso-butoxide, sodiumantimonate, sodium diphenylphosphide, sodium bis(trismethylsilyl)amide,trisodium phosphite, sodium selenocyanate, sodiumtri-sec-butylborohydride, sodium triethylsilanolate, sodium thiocyanate,sodium acetylide, sodium chlorate, sodium salicylate, sodium di-sodiumtetracarbonylferrate, sodium tetraphenylborate, sodiumtriethylborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodiumtriphenylborane, sodium hydroxide, sodium, diphenylphosphide, sodiummethoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tri-sec-butylborohydride,tri-tert-butylborohydride, sodium triethylborohydride, sodiumtriphenylborohydride, sodium trisiamylborohydride, sodium metavanadate,sodium cyclohexanebutyrate, sodium hexachloroplatinate, sodiumthiocyanate, sodium selenocyanate, sodium cyanate, sodium floride,sodium hexafluoroantimonate, sodium hexafluoroaluminate, sodiumhexafluoroarsenate, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium hexacyanocobalt(II) ferrate (II), disodiumhexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II), sodiumhexafluorotitanate, sodium hexafluorozirconate, sodiumhexa-hydroxyantimonate sodium hexachlororuthenate, sodiumhexachloropalladate, sodium formate, sodium tetracyanonickelate, sodiumtetrafluoroaluminate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium thioacetate,L-glutamic acid monosodium salt, fumaric acid sodium salt, oxamic acidsodium salt, sodium salt diphenyl-phospane, P-aminobenzoic sodium salt,aminobenzole acid sodium salt, alpha-napthaleneacetic acid sodium salt,disodium salt 2,6-naphth-alenedicarboxlic acid, sodiumcyclcohexanetherate, sodium phthalimide, P-aminosalicylic acid sodiumsalt, sodium salt 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate, indolebutyric acidsodium salt, indole-3-butyric acid sodium salt, diphenylphosphide,sodium dimethylsilanolate, sodium triethylborohydride, sodium propoxide,sodium isopropoxide, sodium butoxide, sodium sec-butoxide, sodiumpentoxide, sodium tert-pentoxide, sodium hydrogenphthalate, sodiumoxalate, sodium hydrogensulfate, monosodium acetylenedicarboxylic acid,sodium pyrophosphate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, sodium hexoate(sodiumsalt hexoic acid), sodium diphenylphosphide, sodium trimethylsilonalate,sodium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid sodium salt, monosodiumL-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldisodium (C6H5)2CLi2C(C6H5)2,sodiumethylphenyl (L1CH2G6H5), sodium bromate, sodium hydrogenphospate,monsodium salt D-shaccharic acid, DL-asparatic sodium salt,(R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspartic acid sodium salt, sodium fluoride, sodiumiodate, sodium salt ethyl malonate, sodium thioacetate, sodium phenol,sodium salt aminobenzoic acid, sodium aminophenol salt,sodiumcyclohexenol, sodium methylcyclohexenol, sodium cyclopropanol,sodium tnethylcyclopropanol, sodium cyclobutanol, sodiummethylcyclobutanol, sodium methylcyclopentanol, sodium cyclopentanol,sodiumcyclohexenol, sodium methyl-cyclohexenol, sodiumdimethyleyelohexenols (e.g. sodium. 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, sodium2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, sodium 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, sodium2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, 3,5-dimethyleyelohexanol), sodiumo-ethylxahthic acid, monosodium salt 2-ketoglutaric acid, disodium salt,ketomalonic acid, sodium salt lactic acid, disodium thiosulfate, sodiumantimony tartrate, sodium dichloroaceta/te, sodium dimethylacetate,sodium diethylacetate, sodium dipropylacetate, sodium metaborate, sodiumtetraborate, sodium tetrachlorocuprate, sodium acetoacetate, sodiumdiisopropylamide, sodium diethylamide, sodium dimethylamide, sodiumbis(dimethylsilyl)amide, disodium phthalocyanine,disodiumtetrabromocuprate, disodium tetrabromonickelate,disodiumtetrachloromanganate, disodiumbutadiyne, sodiumcyclopentadienide, sodium dicyclohexylamide, sodiumdiethylamide, sodiumdimethyl-amide, sodium dipropylamide, sodium diisopropylamide, sodiumthexylborohydride sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride, sodiumtrimethylsilyl)acetylide, sodium triethylsilyl)acetylide, sodiumtris[(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride, (phenylethynyl)sodium,2-thienylsodium, sodium diethyldihydroaluminate, spdiumdimethyldihydroaluminate, sodium aluminum hydride, sodium bifluoride,sodium biphenyl, sodiumbiselenite, sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride, sodium bismuthate, sodium borate, sodium chlorite, sodiumcobaltnitrite, sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium cyclopentadienide, sodiumdicyanamide, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium hexanitrocolbaltate,sodium hydrogenphosphite, sodium hydrogenselenite, sodiumhydrogensulfite, sodium hydrosulfite, sodium hypochloride, sodiummetaarsenite, sodium metabisulfide, sodium metaperiodate, sodiummethacrylate, sodium nitroferricyanide, oxybate, sodiumpentamethylcyclopentadienide, sodiumphenolate, polyphosphate, sodiumpolyphosphite, sodium propionate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium selenate,sodium selenite, sodium tetrachloroaluminate, sodium thiomethoxide,sodium thiosulfate, sodium thiosulfide, sodium thiosulfite, sodiumtriactoxyborohydride, sodium trimethylsilonate, sodium triethylsilonate,sodium tris(1-pyrazoly)borohydride, including analogues, homologues,isomers and derivatives thereof.

The non limiting examples of aluminum derivative compounds of thisinvention include: diisobutylaluminum hydride, dimethylaluminum hydride,dimethylaluminum hydride, dipropylaluminumhydride,diisopropylaluminumhydride, dibutylaluminumhydride,di-tert-butylaluminum hydride, di-sec-butylaluminum hydride,diisobutylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, lithiumaluminum hydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride,lithium-aluminum alloy, aluminum triethoxide, aluminum trimethoxide,aluminum tripropoxide, aluminum triisopropoxide, aluminumtri-tert-butoxide, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide(aluminum sec-butoxide),aluminum tri-isobutoxide, aluminum tributoxide, aluminum pentoxide,diethylaluminum ethoxide, aluminum phosphate, diethylaluminum chloride,diethylaluminum cyanide, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminummethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diisobutylaluminum chloride,diisobutyalumnum fluoride, tetraisobutyldialuminoxane, triethylaluminum,trimethylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum,tri-sec-butylaluminum, tri-tert-butylaluminum, tripentaluminum,triphenylaluminum, triamylaluminum, triisoamylaluminum,tripropylaluminum, tri-isopropylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum,triisobutyldialuminoxane, trioctylaluminum, sodium aluminum hydride,bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride, aluminum borohydride, aluminumhydride, dimethlylberyllium, potassium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride,sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminumhydride, aluminum sec butoxide, aluminum tert-butoxide, aluminumacetylacetone, aluminum ethoxide, aluminum methoxide, aluminumpropoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum butoxide, aluminumisobutoxide, aluminum pentoxide, aluminum metaphosphate, aluminumhydroxide, aluminum metaphosphite, aluminum hydroxystearate, aluminummonos-tearate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum fluoride, aluminum fluoridetrihydrate, sodium diethyldihydroaluminate, sodium hexafluoroaluminate,aluminum hexafluorosilicate, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium aluminumhydride bis(tetrahydrofuran), lithiumtris((3-thyl-3-pentyl)-oxy)aluminohydride, lithiumtri-tert-aluminohydride, aluminum-nickel catalyst, aluminum silicate,aluminum silicate hydroxide, aluminum chloride hydrate, diethylaluminumchloride, sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum dihydride, aluminumcarbide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum acetate(aluminum diacetatehydroxide), dihydroaluminum acetate, aluminum formoacetate, lithiumaluminate, aluminum salt lactic acid, tetramethyllithiumaluminum salt(LiAl(CH3)4), tetaethyllithiumaluminum salt, tetrapropyllithiumaluminumsalt, tetraisopropyllithiumaluminum salt, tetra-butyllithiumaluminumsalt, tetraisobutyllithiumaluminum salt, tetra-sec-butyllithiumaluminumsalt, tetra-tert-butyl-lithiumaluminum salt, tetraphenyllithium aluminumsalt, aluminum tririconoleate, aluminum metaphosphate, sodium aluminumhydride, aluminum dodecaboride, aluminum diboride, aluminum arsenide,aluminum lactate, aluminum titanium chloride, tri(N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylaminoato)aluminum, aluminum acetylacetonate,methylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, propylaluminumdichloride, isopropylaluminum dichloride, butylaluminum dichloride,sec-butylaluminum dichloride, tert-butylaluminum dichloride,isobutylaluminum dichloride, phenylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminumsesquichloride, methylaluminum sesquichloride, methylaluminoxane,propylaluminum sesquichloride, ethylaluminoxane, sodiumbis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum, aluminum magnesium silicate, aluminumhydroxychloride, aluminum phosphide, aluminum potassium sulfide,aluminum octoate(aluminum ethylhexonate), aluminum diformate, aluminumtriformate, aluminum chromate, aluminum napthenate, aluminum oleate,aluminum palmite, aluminum pictrate, aluminum sodium silicate, aluminumsodium chloride, aluminum isopropylate, aluminum magnesium ethoxide,trimethylaluminum etherate, triethylalutninum etherate, includinganalogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof. Correspondingcompounds of gallium, indium, thallium are contemplated in the practiceof this invention.

The non-limiting examples of silicon derivative compounds of thisinvention include: dimethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxyethylsilane,diethoxymethylsilane, dipropoxymethyl-silane, diisopropoxymethylsilane,dibutoxymethylsilane, diisobutoxymethylsilane,di-sec-butoxymethylsilane, di-sec-butoxymethylsilane,diethoxyethylsilane, dipropoxyethyls-ilane, diisopropoxyethylsilane,dibutoxyethylsilane, diisobutoxyethylsilane, di-sec-butoxyethylsilane,di-sec-butoxyethylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,dimethoxydi-methylsilane, dipropoxydimethylsilane,diisoprop-oxydimethylsilane, dibutoxydimethylsilane,diisobu-toxydimethylsilane, di-sec-butoxydimethylsilane,di-sec-butoxydimethylsilane, diethoxymethylethylsilane,ethoxytrimethylsilane, ethoxytriethylsilane, ethoxytri-propylsilane,ethoxytriispropylsilane, methoxytrimethylsilane, propoxytrimethylsilane,isoprop-oxytrimethylsilane, butoxytrimethylsilane,isobutoxytrimeth-ylsilane, sec-butoxytrimethylsilane,sec-butoxytrimethylsilane, phenoxytrimethylsilane, ethoxydiethylsilane,isobutyldiethoxysilane, sec-butyldiethoxysilane, butyl-diethoxysilane,tertbutyldiethoxysilane, pentyl-diethoxysilane, isobutyldimethoxysilane,secbutyldimethoxysilane, butyldimethoxysilane,tertbutyltri-methoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane,methyltriethoxy-silane, pentyldimethoxysilane, diethylsilandiol,tripropylsilandiol, triisopropylsilandiol, tertbutyldimethylsilane,diethylsilanediol (C2H5Si(OH)2), methyl-tripropoxysilane,methyl-tris(dimethylsiloxy)silane, 1,1-diphenylsilacycIohexane,pentamethylsilanime, 1,1,1-trimethyl-N-phenyl-N-silanamine,hexamethyldisilazane, [1,1-biphenyl]-4-yltrichlorosilane,(bromomethyl)chloro-dimethylsilane, bromotnethyltrimethylsilane,(4-bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane, butylchlorodimethylsilane,trichlorobutylsilane, trimethylbutylsilane,chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane,chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane, chlorodimethylphenyl-silane,chlorodimethyl-2-propenylsilane, chloroethenyldimethylsilane,chloromethylsilane, (chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane,chlorome-thyldiphenylsilane, chloromethylphenylsilane,(chloromethyl)trimethylsilane, (4-chloropehoxy)trimethylsilane,phenylchlorosilane, (3-chlorophenyl)trimethylsilane,(3-chloropropyl)trimethylsilane, chlorotriethoxysilane,chlorotriethylsilane, trimethylchlorosilane,dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane,dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane, dichlorodiethoxysilane,dichlorodiethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, dichlorodiphenylsilane,dichloroethenylmethylsilane, methylethyldichlorosilane,dichloromethylsilane, dichloromethyl(1-methylethyl)silane,dichloromethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane, dichloromethylphenylsilane,dichloromethyl-2-propenylsilane,dichlorophenylsilane,diethenyl-diphenylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,diphenyldiethoxysilane, diethoxymethylphenylsilane,diethyloxymethyl-2-propenylsilane, diethylsilane, diethyldifluorosilane,difluorodiphenylsilane, dimethyoxydimethylsilane,dimethoxydiphenylsilane, dimethylsilane, dimethyldiphenoxysilane,dimethyldiphenylsilane, dimethyl-2-propenylsilane, dimethylphenylsilane,dimethyl-diacetatesilane, diphenylsilane,1,2,-ethenediylbis[trimethyl-(E)]silane (C8H20Si2),ethenyldiethoxymethylsilane, ethenylethoxydimethylsilane,ethenyltriethoxysilane, ethenyltrimethylsilane,ethenyltris(1-methylethoxy)-silane, ethenyltris(2-propenyloxy)silane,ethoxytriethylsilane, ethoxytrifluorosilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,ethoxytri-phenylsilane, ethyltrifluorosilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane,1,2,-ethynediylbis[trimethyl]silane, ethynylsilane, methoxysilane,methylsilane, methyldiphenylsilane, methylenebissilane,methylenebis[trichloro]silane, (2-methylphenoxy)triphenylsilane,methylphenylsilane, methyltriphenoxysilane, methyltriphenylsilane,methyltri-p-toly-silane, phenylsilane,[1,3-phenylenebis(oxy)]bis-[trimethyl]silane, phenyltripropylsilane,tetraethenylsilane, tetraethylsilane, tetraethoxysilane,tetramethylsilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetrapropylsilane,tetrapropoxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisopropoxysilane,tetrabutylsilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetra-sec-butylsilane,tetra-sec-butoxysilane, tetra-tert-butylsilane, tetra-tert-butoxysilane,tert-iso-butylsilane, tetra-iso-butoxysilane, tetraphenylsilane,tetra-phenoxysilane, triethylsilane, triethoxysilane, trimethylsilane,trimethoxysilane, tripropylsilane, tripropoxysilane, triisopropylsilane,triisopropoxysilane, tributylsilane, tributoxysilane,tri-sec-butylsilane, tri-sec-butoxysilane, tri-tert-butylsilane,tri-tert-butoxysilane, tert-iso-butylsilane, tri-iso-butoxysilane,triphenylsilane, triphenoxysilane, triethylmethylsilane,triethoxymethylsilane, trimethoxymethylsilane, tripropylmethylsilane,tripropoxymethylsilane, triisopropyl-methylsilane,triisoproxymethylsilane, tributylmethylsilane, tributoxymethylsilane,tri-sec-butylmethylsilane, tri-sec-butoxymethylsilane,tri-tert-butylmethylsilane, tri-tert-butoxymethylsilane,tert-iso-butylmethylsilane, tri-iso-butoxymethylsilane,triphenylmethylsilane, triphenoxymethylsilane, diethylsilane,diethoxysilane, dimethylsilane, dimethoxysilane, dipropylsilane,dipropoxysilane, diisopropylsilane, diisopropoxysilane, dibutylsilane,dibutoxysilane, di-sec-butylsilane, di-sec-butoxysilane,di-tert-butylsilane, di-tert-butoxysilane, tert-iso-butylsilane,di-iso-butoxysilane, diphenylsilane, diphenoxysilane, ethyl.silane,ethoxysilane, methylsilane, methoxysilane, propylsilane, prbpoxysilane,isopropylsilane, isoproxysilane, butylsilane, butoxysilane,sec-butylsilane, sec-butoxysilane, tert-butylsilane, tert-butoxysilane,iso-butylsilane, iso-butoxysilane, phenylsilane, phenoxysilane,tribromomethylsilane, tributylsilane, tributylphenylsilane,trichloro(chloromethyl)silane, trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane,trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane, trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane,trichlorododecylsilane, trichloroethenylsilane, trichloroethoxysilane,trichloroethylsilane, trichlorohexylsilane, trichloromethy-Isilane,trichloro(1-methylethyl)silane, trichloro(2-methyl-phenyl)silane,trichloro(3-methylphenyl)silane, trichloro(2-methylpropyl)silane,trichlorootadectylsilane, tri-chlorooctylsilane, trichloropentylsilane,trichlorophenylsilane, trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane,trichloro-2-propenylsilane, trichloropropylsilane, triethoxysilane,triethoxyethylsilane, triethoxyethylsilane, triethoxyphenylsilane,triethoxypentylsilane, triethoxy-2-propenylsilane, triethylsilane,triethylfluorosilane, triethylphenylsilane, trifluorophenylsilane,trimethoxymethylsilane, trimethoxyethylsilane, trimethoxypropylsilane,trimethoxyisopropylsilane, trimethoxybutylsilane,trimethoxyisobutylsilane,trimethoxy-sec-butylsilane,trimethoxy-tert-butylsilane, trimethoxyphenylsilane, trimethylsilane,trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane, trimethyl(2-methylpropyl)silane,trimethylphenoxysilane, trimethylphenylsilane,trimethyl-(phenylmethyl)silane, trimethyl(cyclohexylmethyl)silane,trimethyl-2-propenylsilane, trimethylpropylsilane,trimethyl[4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]phenyl]silane,ethenyl-tri-acetatesilanetriol, methyl-triacetatesilantriol,tripropylsilane, ethyldimethylsilanol, methyldiphenylsilanol,triethylsilanol, triphenylsilanol, tetrabutyl ester silicic acid(C16H36O4Si.), tetraethyl ester silicic acid,tetrakis(2-ethylbutyl)ester silicic acid, methylsilicate (C4H12SiO4),tetraphenyl ester silicic acid, tetrapropyl ester silicic acid, triethylphenyl ester silicic acid, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane,1,2,-difluorotetramethyldisilane, hexamethyldisilane,1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,bis-(methoxydimethylsilyl)oxide, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaethyldisiloxarie,1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaethyldisilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane,hexamethyldisilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane,1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisilazane,1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3,3-triphenyldisiloxane,1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3,3-triphenyldisilazxane, docosamethyldecasiloxane,docosamethyldecasilazane, ethenylhep-tamethylcyctetrasiloxane,ethenylheptamethylcyctetrasilazane, heptamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane,heptamethylcyclotetrasilazane, octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,butylmethyl(cyclic tetramer)siloxane,2,4,6,8-tetraethenyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane(C12H24O4Si4), 2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasiloxane,2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasilazane,2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasiloxane,2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane,2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane,2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane,2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane,2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane,2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane,2,4,6-trimethyl-2,4,6-tripehnylcyclotrisiloxane,decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasilazane,2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane,2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasilazane,octademethyl-cyclononasiloxane, octademethylcyclononasilazane,hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-cyclooctasilazane,dodecatnethylcyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasilazane,hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane,tetra-decamethylcycloheptasilazane, decamethyltetrasiloxane,1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-octamethyltetrasiloxane, aminotrisilane,benzyltriethoxysilane, butyltrifluorosilane,carboxyethyl-dimethylsilane, chloromethylsilicane,chlorotriisocyanatesilane, dichloromethylsilicane,diethoxydibutoxysilane, diethylanilinefluorosilicate,diethyldichlorosilane, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]tri-ethoxysilane,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]methyldiethoxysilane,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]dimethylethoxysilane,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trimethylsilane,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethylsilane, cyclohexyldimethoxymethylsilane,cyclohexylmethoxydimethyl-silane, cyclohexyltrimethylsilane,cyclohexyltriethylsilane, dicyclohexyldimethylsilane,cyclohexyldimethylsilane, cyclohex-1-enyl-trimethylsilane,benzyltrimethylsilane, (1-cyclohexen-1-ylethynyl)trimethylsilane,1-cyclohexenyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexenyloxytrimethylsilane,cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, 1-cyclopropyl-1-(trimethy-Isilyloxy)ethylene,phenyldimethylsilanol, phenylsilandiol, cyclohexylsilandiol,cyclohexylethylsilandiol, tert-butylsilandiol,cyclohexyldimethylsilanol, cyclohexyl-diethylsilanol,benzyltrimethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethyl-silylamine, phenyldimethylsilanol, phenyl diethylsilanol,cyclohexylethylenetrimethylsilane,N-cyclohexylethylenetrimethylsilylamine, cycloethylenetrimethylsilane,diphenyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane,diphenyl-methyl-ethoxysilane, diphenylmethylsilane,diphenylmethylsilandiol, diphenylsilandiol,methyl-phenyl-diethoxysilane, methyl-phenyl-dimethoxysilane,methyl-phenyl-dichlorosilane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane,octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,tertbutyldimethylsilandiol, hydroxymethylenetrimethylsilane(CH3)3CH2OH), hydro-xyethylenetrimethylsilane,hydroxymethyltriethylsilane,hydroxyethyltriethylsilane,diethylsilanediol, dimethylsilanediol,dipropylsilanediol, diisopropylsilanediol, dibutylsilanediol,di-tert-butylsilanediol, di-iso-butylsilanediol,di-sec-butyl-silanediol, diphenylsilanediol, dicyclohexylsilanediol,cyclohexylmethylsilanediol, cyclohexylethylsilanediol,dimethoxydichlorosilane, dimethylanilineflourosilicate,dimethyldi(B-chloroethoxy)silane, dimethylflourochlorosilane,dimethylsilicane, di-a-napthylamineflourosilicate,di-b-napthylamineflourosilicate, di-m-nitranilineflourosilicate,dinitrosodiphenylamine, diphenylarsinophenylenetriethylsilane,diphenyl-dichlorophenoxysilane, di-o-toluidinefluorosilicate,di-ra-toluidinefluorosilicate, di-p-toluidinefluorosilicate,docosamethyldecasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasilgxane,dodecamethylpentasiloxane, eicosamethylnonasiloxane,silanesilanesilanedocosamethyldecasilazane,dode-camethylcyclohexasilazane, dodecamethylpentasilazane,eicosamethylnonasilazane, ethyldiethoxyacetoxysilape,ethyldiethoxychlorosilane, ethylisocyanatesilane, ethyltriethoxysilane,ethyltriphenylsilicane, hexadacamethylcyclooctasiloxane,hexadacamethyl-cyclooctasilazane, hexamethylsilicane(hexamethyldisilane), hexamethylmethylenedislane,hydroxymethyltrimethylsilane, methyl silicane, methyltyriphenylsilicane,octadecamethylcotasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane,octamethyltrisiloxane, octadecamethylcotasilazane,octamethylcyclotetrasilazane, octamethyltrisilazane,tetraphenylenesilane, phenylenediamineflourosilicate,phenylisocyanatesilane; phenyltrichlorosilicane, silicobenzoic acid,tetra-m-aminoptienylsilane, tetrabenzyl-silicane,tetra-p-biphenylylsilane, tetradecamethylcyclohep-tasiloxane,tetradecamethylcycloheptasilazane, tetradecamethylhexasiloxane,tetradecamethylhexasilazane, tetraethylsilane, tetraethylthiosilane,tetrahexyloxysilahe, tetraisopropylmercaptane silicon,tetramethoxysilane, tetramethylmercaptanesilicon, tetramethylsilane,tetraphenoxysilane, tetraphenylsilane, tertapropoxysilane,tetratriethylsiloxysilane, thioisocyanatotriethylsilane,tolidinefluorosilicate(o), tri-p-Biphenylylphenylsilane,trichloromethyltriethoxysilane, triethylbromosilane,triethylchlorosilane, triethylfluorosilane, triethylphenylsilane,trimethylchloromethylsilane, trimethylethoxysilane,triphenylacetoxysilane, vinyltri-phenoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane,silicane cyanate, dibromosilane, dibromodichlorosilane, dichlorosilane,dichlorodifluorosilane, hexaoxocyclosilane, hexacyclo-silazane,monooiodosilane, (tri-)nitrilosilane (silicylamine), trichlorosilane,trifluorosilane, silicane diimide (Si(NH)2), silicane tetramide,silicane isocyanate, silicon tetracetate, tetrabromosilarie, siliconhex(di-)bromide, silcon carbide, tertachlorosilane, hexachlorodi-silane,tetrafluorosilane, hexa-fluorodisilane, silicon hydride (SiH4), disilane(Si2H6), trisilanepropane, tetrasilane butane, silicon nitride, siliconthiocyanate, disilicic acid, silicon cyanate, allylchlorodimethylsilane,allylchloromethyldimethylsilane, allyl-dichlorodimethylsilane,allyl(diisoproprylamino)dimethyl-silane,allyloxy-tert-butyldimethylsilane, allyloxy-sec-butyldimethylsilane,allyloxy-iso-butyldimethylsilane, allylchlorodiethylsilane,allylchloromethyldiethylsilane, allyldichlorodiethylsilane,allyl(diisoproprylamino)diethyl-silane,allyloxy-tert-butyldiethylsilane, allyloxy-sec-butyldi ethyl-si lane,allyloxy-iso-butyldiethylsilane, allyl-oxybutyldimethylsilane,allyloxytrimethylsilane, allyloxy-triethylsilane,diallyloxydimethylsilane, triallyloxymethylsilane,diallyloxydiethylsilane, triallyloxyethylsilane,diallyloxydimethoxylsilane, trial-lyloxymethoxylsilane,diallyloxydiethoxylsilane, tri-allylethoxy silane, allyltrichlorosilane,allyltriethoxy-silane, allyltriisopropylsilane, allyltripropylsilane,al-lyltriisopropyloxysilane, allyltripropyloxysilane,allyltri-methoxysilane, allyltrimethylsilane, allyltriethylsilane,allyltriphenylsilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltriethoxysilane,3-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltriethoxysilane,3-aminomethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminotrimethoxysilane,3-aminotriethoxysilane, 3-amino(cyclohexyl)propyltriethoxysilane,3-amino-(cyclohexyl)propyltrimethoxysilane,3-amino(cyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane,3-amino(cyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,3-amino(cyclohexyl)methyltriethoxysilane,3-amino(cyclohexyl)methyltrimethoxysilane,3-¹amino(cyclohexyl)trimethoxysilane,3-amino(cylcohexyl)triethoxysilane, trimethoxypropylsilane,triethoxypropylsilane, trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline,N-[3-(triethoxy-silyl)propyl]aniline,N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]aniline,N¹-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]diethylenetriamine,N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine,N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate, 3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate,aminotriphenylsilane, azidotrimethylsilane, azidotriethylsilane,azidotripropylsilane, azidotributylsilane, azidotri-methoxysilane,azidotriethoxysilane, azidotripropoxysilane, azidotributoxysilane,bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide,bis(trimethyl-silyl)acetylene, bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene,1/4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine,bis(trimethylsilyl) methane, 2,3-bis(tritnethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadiene,1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclobutene,1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene,1,2,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene,1,2,3,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene, bis(trimethylsilyl)-cyclobutene,1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)ethane, 2,3-bis(tri-methylsilyl)-1-propene,2,4-bis(trimethyl-silyloxy)pyrimidine, 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)urea,O,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)uracil, bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide,(1-cyclohexenyl-1-ethynyl)trimethylsilane,1-cyclohexenyloxytrimethylsilane, 1-cyclohexyltrimethylsilane,cyclohexyldimethoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane,cyclohexyldiethoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane,cyclohexyldimethoxymethylsilane, cycldliexyltrimethoxysilane,cyclohexyldiethoxymethylsilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane,cyclohexyldimethoxysilandiol, cyclohexyldiethoxysilandiol,cyclohexyldipropxymethylsilane, cyclohexyldipropxymethylsilandiol,cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, [(1-cyclopro-pyletheneyl)oxy]trimethylsilane,diallyldimethylsilane, diethoxymethylphenylsilane,3-(diethoxymethylsilyl)propylamine, diethoxymethylsilane,dimethyloctadecyline, ethyltriacetoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane,propyltriacetoxysilane, isopropy-Itriacetoxysilane,butyltriacetoxysilane, isobutyltriacetoxysilane,sec-butyltriacetoxysilane, tert-butyltriacetoxysilane,benzyltriacetoxysilane, phenyltriacetoxysilane,cyclpentadienyltriacetoxysilane, cyclohexyltriacetoxysilane,isopropoxytrimethylsilane, isopropylaminotrimethylsilane, lithiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide, methoxydimethyloctylsilane,methylbis(trimethylsilyloxy)vinylsilane, octyltriethoxysilane,octyltrimethoxysilane, (phenylthiomethyl)trimethylsilane,phenyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane,poly(dimethylsiloxane)silicon hexaboride, silicon nitride, silicontetracetate, silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrafluoride, sodiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide, tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane,tetravinylsilane, trichloro-3-chloropropylsilane,trichlorocyclopentysilane, cyclohexyltrichlorosilane,trichlorovinylsilane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)propionitrile,3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate,3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl thiocyanate, trihexylsilane,triisopropylsilane,(triisopropylsilyl)acetylene(chlorotriisopropylsilane),triisopropylsilylchloride, 1-(triisopropylsilyl)pyrrole,trimethylsilylacetate, (trimethylsilyl)acetic acid,(trimethylsilyl)acetylene, trimethylsilyl cyanide,(trimethylsilyl)diazomethane, 5-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene,1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, 1-(trimethylsilyl)pyrrolidine,triphenylsilane, 1,1,1-triphenyl-silylamine, triphenylsilylchloride,tris(2-methoxyethoxy)-vinylsilane,2,5,5-tris(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cylcopentadiene,tris(trimethylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)amine,tris(trimethylsilyl)germaniumhydride, tris(trimethylsilyl)-methane,tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)borane, tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethylsilane, trimethylsilylN-(trimethylsilyl)-car-bamate, triphenylsilylamine, triethoxysilylamine,tributoxysilyamine, tripropoxysilylamine, vinyltrichloro-silane,Vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl-triisopropoxsilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane,Vinyltriethoxysilane, dimethoxymethylvinylsilane,diethoxymethylvinylsilane, dimethoxyethylvinylsilane,diethoxyethylvinylsilane, dimethylmethoxyvinylsilane,dimethylethoxyvinylsilane, di-methylpropoxyvinylsilane,dimethylisopropoxyvinylsilane, diethylmethoxyvinylsilane,diethylethoxyvinylsilane, diethylpropoxyvinylsilane,diethylisopropoxyvinylsilane, dimethylethoxy(methylvinyl)silane,dimethoxymethyl(ethylvinyl)silane, diethoxy-methyl(propylvinyl)silane,vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyltriethylsilane, vinyltriphenylsilane,vinyltris(2-butylidenaminooxy)silane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane,vinyltris(2-methylethoxy)silane, vinyltris(2-ethoxy)silane,vinyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane,3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltriethoxysilane,3-aminoethyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,3-aminomethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane,(3-aminopropyl)tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxysilane,amyltriethoxysilane,1,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,1,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane,1,3-bis(3-cyanopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane,1,3-bis(3-cyanopropyl)tetramethyldisilazane,bis(diethylamino)dimethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)dimethyl-silane, bis(diethylamino)diethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)diethylsilane,1,2-bis[(dimethylamino)dimethylsilyl]ethane,1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(dimethyl-silyl)cyclohexene,1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)cyclohexene,1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,bis(N-methylben-zamido)methylethoxysilane,1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) acetimide,N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)methylamine, N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amine,N,N-bis(triethylsilyl)amine, N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)urea,bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetimide,tert-butyldimethylsilane, tert-butyldimethylsilanol,(tert-butyldimethsilyl)acetylene, tert-butyldimethylsilyl cyanide,N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)dimethylamine, butyldimethylchlorosilane,tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane,O-(tert-butyldimethyifsilyl)hydroxylamine,1-(tert-butyldlmethylsilyl)imidazole, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl cyanide,tert-butyldicyclohexylsilyl, cyanide, N-tert-butyltrimethylsilylamine,tert-butyl-trimethylsilyl peroxide, tert-butyl-trimethylsilyl acetate,[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, N,N-diethyltrimethylsilylamine,N,N-diethyltriethylsilylamine, N,N-diethyl(trimethylsilylmethyl)amine,diethyl trimethylsilyl phosphite, diphenylmethylsilane,dicyclohexylmethylsilane, diphenylethylsilane, dicyclohexylethylsilane,diphenylsilane, dicyclohexylsilane, dicyclohexylsiladiol,1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisilazane,1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisiloxane,1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisilazane,1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisiloxane,1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, dodecyltriethoxysilane,1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisilazane, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane,methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, propyltr{circumflex over( )}ethoxysilane, isopropyltriethoxysilane, ¹ butyltrimethoxysilane,butyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, sec-butyltriethoxysilane,tert-butyltriethoxysilane, hexyltriethoxysilane,(3-isocyanatro-propyl)triethoxysilane, (isopropenyloxy)trimethylsilane,isopropyldimethylchlorosilane, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide,potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide,(3-mercap-topropyl)methyldimethoxysilane,(3-mercap-topropyl)triethoxysilane, (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy-silane,(methoxymethyl)trimethylsilane, methoxytrimethylsilane,ethoxytrimethylsilane, [3-(methylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane,methyldiethoxysilane, 2-methylbenzosilylazole,methyl-octadecyl-dichlorosilane, methyl-octyldimethoxysilane,methyl-octyldichlorosilane, methyl-phenyl-chlorosilane,methyl-phenyl-dichlorosilane, methyl-phenyl-diethoxysilane,methyl-phenyl-dimethoxysilane, (methylthio)trimethylsilane,methyltriactoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, ethyltrichlorosilane,methylethoxysilane, ethylethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane,ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltrie thoxysilane,N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide, methylvinyldiethoxysilane,phenyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane,Phenyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane,Phenyl(methylene)triethoxy-silane, cyclohexyl(methylene)triethoxysilane,phenyl(methylene)trimethoxysilane, cyclohexyl(methylene)trimethoxysilane, Phenyl-(ethylene)triethoxysilane,cyclohexyl(ethylene)trimethoxysilane, phenyl(ethylene)trimethoxysilane,cyclohexyl (ethylene)trimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethylsilane,phenyltriethylsilane, phenyltripropylsilane, phenyl triisopropylsilane,phenyltributylsilane, phenyltri-sec-butyTsilane,phenyltri-tert-butylsilane, phenyltri-isobutylsilane,cyclohexyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexyltri-ethylsilane,cyclohexyltripropylsilane, cyclohexyltriisopropylsilane,cyclohexyltributylsilane, cyclohexyl tri-sec-butylsilane, cyclohexyltri-tert-butylsilane, cyclohexyltriisobutylsilane,Phenyltriethoxysilanediol, cyclohexyltriethoxysilanediol,Phenyltrimethoxysilanediol, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilanediol,phenyltrimethylsilanediol, phenyltriethylsilanediol,phenyltripropylsilanediol, phenyltriisopropylsilanediol,phenyltributylsilanediol, phenyltri-sec-butylsilanediol,phenyltri-tert-butylsilanediol, phenyltriisobutylsilanediol,cyclohexyltrimethylsilanediol, cyclohexyltriethylsilanediol,cyclohexyltripropylsilanediol, cyclohexyltriisopropylsilanediol,cyclohexyltributyl-silanediol, cyclohexyltri-sec-butylsilanediol,cyclohexyltri-tert-butylsilanediol, cyclohexyltriisobutyl-silanediol,propyltrimethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, tetramethyltetrasilylfulvalene,trimethylethoxysilane, N-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide,trimethylphenoxylsilane, 1-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclopentene,1-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclohexene. trimethoxylphenylsilane,1-(trimethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene, 1-(trimethoxylsilyl) cyclohexene,triethoxylphenylsilane, 1-(triethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene,1-(triethoxylsilyl) cyclohexene, trimethoxylcyclohexylsilane,(trimethoxylsilyl)cyclopentane, (trimethoxylsilyl) cyclohexane,triethoxylcyclohexylsilane, (triethoxylsilyl) cyclopentane,(triethoxylsilyl)cyclohexane, trimethylsilyl azide, triethylsilyl azide,tripropylsilyl azide, triisopropylsilyl azide, tributyl azide,triisobutyl azide, tri-tert-butyl azide, tri-sec-butyl azide, triphenylazide, trimethoxylsilyl azide, triethoxylsilyl azide, tripropoxylsilylazide, triisopropoxylsilyl azide, tributoxyl azide, triisobutoxyl azide,tri-tert-butoxyl azide, tri-sec-butoxyl azide.(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, trimethylsilyl cyanide,(trimethylsilyl)acetontrile, trans-3-(trimethylsilyl)allyl alcohol,2-(trimethylsilyl)methanol, 2-(triethylsilyl)ethanol,(trimethylsilyl)methanol, (triethylsilyl)ethanol, triisobutylsilane,2-(trimethylsilyl)methanol, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol,O-(trimethylsilyl)hdroxylamine, 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole,trimethylsilylisocyanate, (trimethylsilyl)methyl acetate, trimethylsilylmethacrylate, (trimethylsilyl)methylamine, N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)urea,4-(trimethylsilyl)morpholine, 4-(triethoxysilyl)butyronitrile,1-(trimethylsilyl)pryrrolide, 1-trimethylsilyl-1,2,4-triazole,triphenylsilane, triphenylsilandiol, triphenylsilylamine,tricyclo-hexylsilylamine, phenyldimethoxysilylamine,methylphenyl-dimethoxysilane, phenyldiethoxysilylamine,cyclohexyl-dimethoxysilylamine, cyclohexyldiethoxysilylamine,dipheny-Imethoxysilylamine, diphenylethoxysilylamine,dicyclohexyl-methoxysilylamine, dicyclohexylethoxysilylamine,cyclohexyl-silyltriamine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)silyltriamine,cyclohexyl(methyl)silyltriamine, benzylsilyltriamine,benzyl(methyl)silyltriamine, diphenylsilyldiamine,phenylethoxysilyldiamine, cyclohexylethoxysilyldiamine,cyclohexyldiethoxysilylamine, cyclohexylmethoxysilyldiamine,cyclohexyl(ethyl)ethoxysilyldiamine,cyclohexyl(methyl)-ethoxysilyldiamine, benzylmethoxysilyldiamine,benzyl-dimethoxysilylamine, tris(trimethylsilyl)amine,tris(trimethoxylsilyl)amine, tris(triethoxylsilyl)amine,tris(trimethylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)methane,tris(trimethylsilyl)ethane, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate,tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, tris(trimethylsilyl)silane,vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyl-triisopropylsilane,vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyltri-phenylsilane,vintris(2-buytlidenaminooxy)silane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxysilane),vinyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, allyldimethylsilane,allyldiethylsilane, diallyldimethylsilane, diallyldiethylsilane,allyoxytrimethylsilane, allyoxytriethylsilane, allylphenylsilicon,tripropylsilane, tris(trimethylsilyl)-silane,pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane,pentamethyldisiloxane, amyltriethoxysilane, vinyltricholorsilane,vinyltriethylsilane, vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyltriphenylsilane,vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltripropyoxysilane, vinyltrisopropyoxysilane,vinyltri-methoxylsilane, vinyltriphenoxysilane, vinyltributoxysilane,vinyltriisobutoxysilane, vinyltrisecbutoxysilane,vinyltri-tert-butoxysilane, vinyltris(2-butylidenaminooxy)silane,vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinyltris-(trimethoxysiloxy)silane,N,N-dimethyltrimethylsilyamine, N,N-diethyltrimethylsilyamine,3,3-dimethyl-1-trimethylsily-1-butyne,3,3-diethyl-1-trimethylsily-1-butyne,dimethyltrimethylsilylmethylphosphonate,dimethyltrimethyl-silylphosphite, dimethyltritylbromosilane,dimethyl-vinyl-ethoxysilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane,diphenyl-methylchlorosilane, diphenylethylchlorosilane,phenyl-dimethylchlorosilane, phenyldiethylchlorosilane,diphenyldi(M-tolyl)silane, 1,2-dimethylsilane, 1,2-dieth'ylsilane,2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,chlorodimethyloctylsilane, trimethyloctylsilane, disiloxane, siliconnitride, disil.ane, dimethylsilanediol, trichlorocyclopentysilane,tris(isopropylthio)silane, chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorodimethylsilane,bis(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane, propyltrichlorosilane,trimethyl(pentafluorophenyl)silane,trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, silicon tetraboride,silicon hexa-boride, trimethyl-2-thienylsilane,(4-bromophenyl)trimethyl-silane, 4-(trimethylsilyl)phenol,5-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene,trimethylsilylmethylmagnesiumchloride,N,N-diisopropyltrimethylsilylamine, dicyclohexyl-methyl-silane,tetracyclohexysilane,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-decaphenyl-6,6-dimethylcyclohexasilane,trimethylsilylpolyphosphate, trimethylsilylpolyphosphite, includinganalogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.

Additional examples of acceptable silicon derivatives can be found inSilicon Compounds, Register and Review, Petrarch Systems, Inc. (1984),Frontiers of Organosilicon Chemistry, Bassindale, Caspar, The RoyalSociety of Chemistry, (1991), incorporated herein by reference.Corresponding compounds of germanium, tin, titanium, zirconium,selenium, tellurium, are contemplated in the practice of this invention.

Non-limiting germanium derivative compounds include:decamethylgermaniumocene (bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium),tertbutylgermanium, tetramethylgermanium, tetraethylger-manium,tetrapropylgermanium, tetraisopropylgermanium, tetrabutylgermanium,tetraisobutylgermanium, tetra-tertbutylgermanium,tetra-sec-butylgermanium, tetra-phenylgermanium, phenylgermanium,methylphenylgermanium, methylphenolgermanium, including analogues,homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.

Non-limiting derivative tin compounds include:deca-methylstannocene(bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tin), dibutyltinbis(2-ethylhexanoate), dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyloxotin(dibutyltinoxide), dimethyltin, diethyltin, dipropyltin, diisopropyltin,dibutyltin, diisobutyltin, di-tert-butyltin, di-sec-butyltin,di-phenyltin, tetramethyltin, tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin,tetraisopropyltin, benzltriphenyltin, allyltributyltin, tetrabutyltin,tetraisobutyltin, tetra-tert-butyltin, tetra-sec-butyltin,tetraphenyltin, tetramethoxytin, tetraethoxytin, tetrapropoxytin,tetraisopropoxytin, tetrabutoxytin, tetraisobutoxytin,tetra-tert-butoxytin, tetra-sec-butoxytin, tetraphenoxytin,trimethoxymethyltin, triethoxymethyltin, tripropoxymethyltin,triisopropoxymethyltin, tributoxymethyltin, triisobutoxymethyltin,tri-tert-butoxymethyltin, tri-sec-butoxymethyltin, triphenoxymethyltin,dibutyltin dichloride, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin dimethoxide,dibutyltin diethoxide, -dibutyltin methoxide, dibutyltin ethoxide,tetrabutyltin, tetramethyltin, tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin,tetra-tert-butyltin, allyldibutyltin, allyldiphenyltin,allyldiphenylstannane, dichlorodiphenyltin, diphenyltin acetate,tributyl-tineacetate, tributyltinechloride, tributyltincyanide,tributyltin ethoxide, tributyltin methoxide, tributyltinhydride,tributylvinyltin, ●triphenyltinchloride, triphenyltinhydroxide,triphenyltinhydride, tributyltin ethoxide, including analogue,homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof.

Non-limiting examples of phosphorus derivative compounds of thisinvention include: phosphoric acid esters, othrophosphoric acid esters,nuetral phosphate esters, tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide,allyldiphenylphospine, diphenylphosphine, phenylphosphine, diphenylphosphate, diphenylphosphine, diphenylphosphinic acid,diphenylethoxyphospine, diphenylmethoxyphospine,diphenylpropoxyphospine, diphenylisopropoxyphospine,diphenylbutoxyphospine, diphenyl-sec-butoxyphospine,diphenyl-tert-butoxyphospine, diphenyl-iso-butoxyphospine,dicyclohexylethoxyphospine, dicyclohexylmethoxyphospine,dicyclohexylpropoxyphospine, dicyclohexylisopropoxyphospine,dicyclohexylbutoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl-sec-butoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl-lert-butoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl-iso-butoxyphospine,dicyclopentylethoxyphospine, dicyclopentyl-methoxyphospine,dicyclopentylpropoxyphospine, dicyclopen-tylisopropoxyphospine,dicyclopentylbutoxyphospine, dicyclopentyl-sec-butoxyphospine,dicyclopentyl-tert-butoxyphospine, dicyclopentyl-iso-butoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl(ethyl)ethoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-methoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl(ethyl)propoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl(ethyl)isopropoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl(ethyl)butoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-sec-butoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-tert-butoxyphospine,dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-iso-butoxyphospine,phenyldiethoxyphospine(diethylpheaylphosphonite),phenyldimethoxyphospine, phenyldipropoxyphospine,phenyldiisopropoxyphospine, phenylHibutoxyphospine,phenyldi-sec-butoxyphospine, phenyldi-tert-butoxyphospine,phenyldiisobutoxyphospine, cyclohexyldiethoxyphospine,cyclohexyldimethoxyphospine, cyclohexyldipropoxyphospine,cyclohexyldiisopropoxyphospine, cyclohexyldibutoxyphospine,eyeloKexyldi-sec-butoxyphospine, cyclohexyldi-tert-butoxyphospine,cyclohexyldi-iso-butoxyphospine, cyclopen-tyldiethoxyphospine,cyclopentyldimethoxyphospine, cyclopentyldipropoxyphospine,cyclopentyldiisopropoxy-phospine, cyclopentyldibutoxyphospine,cyclopentyldi-sec-butoxyphospine, cyclopentyldi-tert-butoxyphospine,cyclopentyldiiso-butoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)diethoxyphospine,cyclohexyl-(ethyl)dimethoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)dipropoxyphospine,cyclohexyl(ethyl)-diiso propoxyphospine,cyclohexyl(ethyl)dibutoxyphospine,cyclohexyl(ethyl)di-sec-butoxyphospine,cyclohexyl-(ethyl)ditert-butoxyphospine,cyclohexyl(ethyl)diiso-butoxyphospine, dimethylmethylphosphate,diethylmethyl-phosphate, diethylethylphosphate, dimethylethylphosphate,ethylenebis(diphenylphosphine), methyldichlorophosphite,methyldichlorophosphate, methyldichlorophosphine,methyldiphenylphosphine, propylphosphonic anhydride, dimethylphosphine,diethylphosphine, dimethylphosphine, dipropylphosphine,diisopropylphosphine, dibutylphosphine, diisobutylphosphine,disecbutylphosphine, di-t-butyl-phosphine, diphenylphosphine,diphenylphosphate, diphenylphosphineoxide, diphenylphosphine oxide,diphenyl-phosphineselenide, dis(diethylamino)phosphine,dis(dimethylamino)phospine, dis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate,dis(dimethylsilyl)phosphate, dis(dimethylsilyl)phosphite,di(toly)phosphine, di(o-toly)phosphine, di(m-toly)phosphine,●di(p-toly)phosphine, di(toly)phosphite, di(o-toly)phosphite,di(m-toly)phosphite, di(p-toly)phosphite, di(toly)phosphate,di(toly)hydrophosphate, di(toly)phosphonic acid [(CH3C6H4)2P(OH)],mono(toly)phosphonic acid [(CH3C6H4)-P(OH)2], diethylphenylphosphine,diethylphenylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, diisopropylphosphite,dibutylphosophite, diisobutylphosophite, di-sec-butylphosophite,di-tert-butyl-phosophite, diphenylphosphite, allydiphenylphosphonium,al-lydiphenylphosphonium hydride, allydiphenylphosphonium hydroxide,allydiphenylphosphonium chloride, dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride,hexamethylphosphoramide, hexamethylphosphorus diamide,hexamethylphosphorus triamide, hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide,trimethylphosphine, trimethylphospate, trimethylphosphite,triethylylphosphite, tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite,tri-butyl-phosphite, tri-iso-butylphosphite, tri-sec-butylphosphite,tri-tert-butylphosphite, triphenylphosphite, dimethylphosphite,diethylphosphite, diropylphosphite, diisopropylphosphite,dibutylphosphite, diisobutylphosphite, di-sec-butylphosphite,di-tert-butylphosphite, diphenyl-phosphi'te, ditnethylethylphosphine,dimethylethylphosphate, dimethylethylphosphite, diethylmethylphosphite,dipropylmethylphosphite, diisopropylmethylphosphite,di-butyl-methylphosphite, di-iso-butylmethylphosphite,di-sec-butylmethylphosphite, di-tert-butylmethylphosphite,diphenylmethyl phosphite, dimethylphosphonate, diethylphosphonate,dipropylphosphonate, diisopropyl-phosphonate, di-butyl-phosphonate,di-iso-butylphosphonate, di-sec-butylphosphonate,di-tert-butylphosphonate, diphenylphosphonate,dimethylmethylphosphonate, dimethylethylphosphonate,diethylmethylphosphonate, dipropylmethylphosphonate,diisopropylmethylphosphonate, di-butyl-methylphosphonate,di-iso-butylmethylphosphonate, di-sec-butylmethylphosphonate,di-tert-butylmethylphosphonate, diphenylmethyl phosphonate,diethylethylphosphonate, dipropylethylphosphonate,diisopropylethylphosphonate, di-butyl-ethylphosphonate,di-iso-butylethylphosphonate, di-sec-butylethylphosphonate,di-tert-butylethylphosphonate, diphenylethylphosphonate,dimethylcarbophosphonate, diethylcarbophosphonate,dipropylcarbophosphonate, diisopropylcarbophosphonate,di-butyl-phosphonate, di-iso-butylcarbophosphonate,di-sec-butylcarbophosphonate, di-tert-butylcarbophosphonate,diphenylcarbophosphonate, dimethylmethylcarbophosphonate,dimethylethylcar-bophosphonate, diethylmethylcarbophosphonate,dipropylmethylcarbophosphonate, diisopropylmethylcarbophosphonate,di-butyl-methylcarbophosphonate, di-iso-butylmethylcarbophosphonate,di-sec-butylmethylcarbophosphonate,di-tert-butylmethyl-carbophosphonate, diphenylmethyl phosphonate,diethylethylcarbophosphonate, dipropylethylcarbophosphonate,diisopropylethylcarbophosphonate, di-butyl-ethylcarbophosphonate,di-iso-butylethylcarbophosphonate, di-sec-butylethylcarbophosphonate,di-tert-butylethylcarbophosphonate, diphenylethyl phosphonate,dimethylphospite, dimethylphosphite, trimethyl phosphonoacetate,trimethyl 2-phosphonoacrylate, trimethyl phosphonoformate,trioctylphosphine oxide, triphenyl phospate, triphenylphosphine,triphenylphosphine oxide, triphenylphosphine-copper hydride,triphenylphosphine hydrobromide, triphenylphosphine dibromide,triphenylphosphine oxide, triphenylphosphine selenide,triphenylphosphine sulfide, tripiperidinophosphine oxide,tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, tris(dimethylamino)phosphine,tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane phosphate,tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite,tri(toly)phosphines' (e.g. tri(o-toly)phosphine, tri(m-toly)phosphine,tri(p-toly)phosphine), tri(toly)phosphite (e.g. tri(o-toly)phosphite,tri(m-toly)phosphitfe, tri(p-toly)phosphite), tri(toly)phosphate,tri(toly)hydrophosphate, tri(toly)phosphonic acid [(CH3C6H4)3P(OH)2],bis(2-ethylhexel)phosphite, diallyphenylphosphine, dibenzylphosphite,dibenzylphosphate, dibutylphosphite, dimethyl methylphosphonate,dimethyl methylphosphine, dimethyl methylphosphonite,dimethyl-phenylphosphine, dimethylphenylphosphonite,dimethylphenyl-phosphite, dimethylphosphinic acid,dimethyl(trimethylsilyl-methyl)phosphonate, dimethyl trimethylsilylphosphite, dimethyl trimethylsilyl phosphonate,ethyldiphenyl-phosphonite, diphenyl(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, manganese(II) hydrogen phosphite, disodium fluorophosphate, disodiumfluorophosphite, disodiumhydrogenphosphite, trisodium phosphate,trisodium phosphite, dipotassiium fluorophosphate, dipotassiumfluorophosphite, tripotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphite,ethyldiphenylphosphine, ethyldiphenylphosphini.te,ethyldiphenylphosphonate, methyldiphenylphosphine,methyldiphenylphosphinite, methyldiphenylphosphonate, phenylphosphine,phenylphosphonic acid, phenylphospate phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid,phosphorus trichloride, phosurea, phosphorus trisulfide, tributylphosphate, tributylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tributylphosphineoxide, tributylphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, tris(nonlphehyl)phosphite, phosphorous acid triphenylester with propane1,3-diol, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphite,tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphite, tris(1-chloroethyl)phosphite,trichlorophosphite, tris(tridecyl)phosphite, isooctyldiphenylphosphite,diisodecylphenylphosphite, triethyl 4-phosphonocrotonate, trimethyl4-phosphonocrotonate, triethylphosphonoacetate,trimethyl-phosphonoacetate, trimethyl 2-phosphonobutyrate, triethyl2-phosphonobutyrate, trimethylphosphonoformate,triethylphosphonoformate, trimethylphosponopropionate,trimethylphosponopropionate, tricyclohexylphosphite,tricyclohexylphophine, triethylphosphine, triethylphosphite,trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphate, trimethylphosphate,tripropylphosphate, triisopropylphosphate, tributyl-phosphate,triisobutylphosphate, tri-sec-butylphosphate, tri-tert-butylphosphate,triphenylphosphate, dimethylphosphate, diethylphosphate,dipropylphosphate, diisopropylphosphate, dibutylphosphate,diisobutylphosphate, di-sec-butylphosphate, di-tert-butylphosphate,diphenylmethylphosphate, diphenylethylphdsphate,diphenylpropylphosphate, diphenylisopropylphosphate,dimethylethylphosphate, diethylmethylphosphate, dipropylmethylphosphate,diisopropylmethylphosphate, di-butyl-methylphosphate,di-iso-butylmethylphosphate, di-sec-butylmethylphosphate,di-tert-butylmethylphosphate, diphenylmethyl phosphate,triethylphosphoramide, trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphosphoramide,triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphosphoramide,tri-isobutylphosphoramide, tri-sec-butylphosphoramide,tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide,dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH3O)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide,dipropoxyphosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide,dibutoxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide,di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusamide,diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide (CH3O)2PONH2),diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphosphoramide, diisopropyiphosphoramide,dibutyl-phosphoramide, diisobutylphosphoramide,di-sec-butylphosphoramide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide,diphenylphosphoramide, dimethylethylphosphoramide,diethylmethylphosphoramide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide,diisopropylmethylphosphoramide, di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide,di-iso-butylmethylphosphoramide, di-sec-butylmethylphosphoramide,di-tert-butylmethylphosphoramide, diphenylmethyl phosphoramide,triethylcarbophosphate, trimethylcarbophosphate,tripropylcarbophosphate, triisopropylcarbophosphate,tri-butyl-phosphate, tri-iso-butylcarbophosphate,tri-sec-butylcarbophosphate, tri-tert-butylcarbophosphate,triphenylcarbophosphate, dimethylcarbophosphate, diethylcarbophosphate,dipropylcarbophosphate, diisopropylcarbophosphate,dibutylcarbophosphate, diisobutylcarbophosphate,di-sec-butylcarbophosphate, di-tert-butylcarbophosphate,diphenylcarbophosphate, dimethylethylcarbophosphate,diethylmethylcarbophosphate, dipropylmethylcarbophosphate,diisopropylmethylcarbophosphate, di-butylmethylcarbophosphate,di-iso-butylmethylcarbophosphate, di-sec-butylmethylcarbophosphate,di-tert-butylmethylcarbo-phosphate, diphenylmethyl phosphate,dimethylvinylphosphate, diethylvinylphosphate, dipropylvinylphosphate,diisopropylvinylphosphate, dibutylvinylphosphate,diisobutylvinylphosphate, di-sec-butylvinylphosphate,di-tert-butylvinylphosphate, diphenylvinylphosphate,triisobutylphosphine, triisodecylphosphite, triisopro-pylphosphite,dibenzyldiethylphosphoramidite, dibenzyl-diisopropylphosphoramidite,dibenzylphosphite, dibenzylphosphate, tris(tridecyl)phosphite,tritolylphosphate, tritolyphophine, tritolyphosphite,tricyclohexylphosphine, aliminum phosphate,1,2-bis(di-phenylphosphino)propane, trioctylphosphine oxide,trioctyl-phosphine, dichloromethylphosphine, dichlorophosphineoxide(C12PO), ethyldichlorophosphite, tetraethylpyrophosphite,benzyldiethylphosphite, benzyldiethoxyphosphorus,cyclohexyldiethoxyphosphorus, dibenzyldiisopropylphosphoramite(dissopropyl-phosphoraramidous acid dibenyl ester), di-tert-butyldiisopropylphosphoramidite, tert-butyltetraisopropyl-phosphorodiamidite,(±)-1-amino-cis-3-phosphonocyclopentaneca^(i)rboxlic acid, diallyldiisopropyl-phosphoramide, tert-butyl tetraisopropylphosphorodiamite,(1-amino-butyl)-phosponic acid, 6-amino-1-hexyl phosphate,1-aminoethylphosponic acid, 2-aminoethyl dihydrogenphosphate,2-aminoethylphosponic acid, methylN,N,N′-tetraisopropylphosphordiamidite, hexamethyl-phosphoramide[(CH3)2N]3PO, hexamethylphosphortriamidite [(CH3)2N]3P, diethyl4-aminobenzylphosphonate, diethyl 4-aminobenzylphosphite,diethylbenzylphosphonate, diethylbenzylphosphite,tetraethylbenzylphosphonate, diethyl (pyrrolidinomethyl)phosphonate,diethyloxyphosphinyl isocyanate, 6-amino-1-hexylphosphate,diethyloxyphinyl isocyanate, diethylcyanomethylphosphonate,diethylveinylphosphonate, dioctylphenylphosphonate,ethylphenylphosphinate, ethylphenylphosphonic acid, methyl-phosphonicacid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphosphonic acid, isopropylphosphonicacid, butylphosphonic acid, sec-butylphosphonic acid,tert-butylphosphonic acid, isobutylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphonicacid, phenylphosphoric acid, phenylphosphinic acid,methylphenyl-phosphinate, methylphenylphosphine, aminomethylphosphonicacid, vinylphosphonic acid, hypophosphorus acid, sodium hypophosphate,sodium dihydrogenphosphate, fluorophosphoric acid, ammoniumhydrogenphosphate, ammonium hydrogen-phosphite, ammoniumhydrogenphosphine, lithiumdihydrogen-phosphate,triphenylphosphineselenide, phosphoric acid, phosphorus oxychloride,phosphorus pentasulfide, metaphosphoric acid, phenylphosphate disodiumsalt, nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid, ethylenephosphite,ammonium salt benzylphosphite, potassiumhexafluorophosphate,diethyltrimethylsilylphosphite, diethyl(trichloroethyl)phos-ponate,dimethyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosponate,2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospolane, 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-2-oxide,dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate,dimethylethylphosphonate, diethylethylphosphonate,ethylmethylphosphonate, 2-carboxyehtylphosphonic acid,2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyldichlorophosphite,biS′(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride, butyldichlorophosphite,butylphosphonic dichloride, tert-butylphosphonic dichloride,tert-butyldichlorophosphine, trime‘t’hylphosphonof ormate,trimethylpropionamide, trimethylpropionanilide, diethylchlorophosphate,diethylchlorophosphite, chlorodiethylphosphine, diethylphosphoramidousdichloride, diethylthiophosphate, sodiutn salt diethylthiophosphate,diethylphosphoramidate, dimethylphosphoramidate,tetramethylphosophorodiatnidic chloride, tetramethylphosphoniumchloride, diethylcyanophosphate, diethylcyanophosphonate,diethyl-cyanomethylphosphonate, diethoxyphosphinyl isocyanate,O,O′-diethylmethylphosphonothioate, diethylmethylphosphonate,diethyl(hydroxymethyl)phosphonate, dimethyltrimethylsilyl-phosphite,1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidzolium hexaflurophosphite,diethylcyanmethylphosphonate, phosphorus napthenate,methylphenylphospholene, methylphenyl-phosolenedichloride,(aminobenzyl)phosphonic acid (e.g. (4-aminobenzyl)phosphonic acid),cyclophosphamide, pinacolylmethylphosphonate,diethyl(ethylthio-methyl)phosphonate, 2-furyltetramethylphosphorodiamidite, diisopropylcyanomethylphosphate,1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-cyanuric acid,tris(2,4,-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, tris(tridecyl)phosphite,tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, phosphorus anyhydride, phospham, phosphoniumchloride, phosphoniumsulfide, phosphoniumsulfate, phosphoramide,phor-phoramidite, metaphosphoramide, phosphorus chloride(di)nitride,phosphorus cyanide, phosphorus trifluoride, phosphorus pentafluoride,phosphorus oxybromide, phosphorus pentaselenide, phosphorus t.rioxide,phosphorus sesquioxide, phosphorus tri(tetra-)selenide, phosphorusthiochloride, phosphorus thiocyanate, hypophosphorus acid,metaphosphorus acid, orthophosphorus acid, pyrophosphorus acid,phosphine, phosphorus nitride, phosphorus sesquisulfide, includinganalogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof. Thecorresponding compounds of arsenic, antimony and bismuth arecontemplated.

Non-limiting antimony derivative compounds include: alkyl antimonycompounds, trialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ring system compounds,including, trimethylantimony, triethylantimony, tripropylantimony,triisopropylantimony, tributylantimony, triisobutylantimony,tri-tert-butylantimony, tri-sec-butylantimony, tri-phenylantimony,phenylantimony, tri(methylphenyl)antimony, triphenylantimony oxide,tri(methylphenol)antimony, antimony ethoxide, pentamethylantimony,phenyldimethylantimony, phenylstibinic acid, tetramethyldistibyl,tributylstibene, triethylantimony, triethylantimony chloride,trimethylantimony, triphenylantimony, triphenylantimony dichlorlde,triphenylantimony sulfide, including analogue, homologue, isomers andderivative thereof.

Non-limiting arsenic derivative compounds include: alkyl arseniccompounds, dialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ring system compoundsincluding, diethylarsine, dimethylarsine, diphenylarsine, ethylarsine,methylarsine, oxophenylarsine, triethylarsine, triethylarsine,tripropylarsine, triisopropylarsine, tributylarsine, triisobutylarsine,tri-tert-butylarsine, tri-sec-butylarsine, tri-phenylarsine,phenylarsine, tri(methylphenyl)arsine, triphenylarsine oxide,tri(methylphenol)arsine, phenylarsenic acid,phenylcyclotetramethylenearsine, arsenobenzene, cacodylic acid, cacodyloxide, cacodyl amide, carbasone, arsanilic acid, ethanearsonic acid,methanearsonic acid, nitarsone, benzenearsonic acid, propyl arsonicacid, dimethylchlor-arsine, dimethylcyanoarsine, diphenylarsinic acid,diphenylchloro-arsine, ethylarsonic acid, methylarsine,methyldichloroarsine, phenylarsine, phenyldimethylafsine,tetraethyldiarsine, tetramethylbiarsine, tribenzylarsine,trimethylarsine, triethylarsine, tributyl arsine, tri-isobutyl arsine,triphenyl arsine, including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivativethereof. See Organo Arsenial Compounds, Raiziss, Gavron, AmericanChemical Society (1923) and related/subsequent editions, volumes orsupplements, incorporated by reference. Corresponding compounds ofphosporus, antimony, bismuth are also contemplated herein andincorporated by reference.

Non-limiting bismuth derivative compounds include: alkyl bismuthcompounds, dialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ring system compoundsincluding, triphenylbismuth, triphenylbismuth carbonate,diph'enylbismuthine, methylbismuthine, triethylbismthine,trimethylbismthine, triphenylbismuthine, tri-n-propylbismuth, includinganalogue, homologue, isomers and derivative thereof.

Non-limiting potassium derivative compounds of this invention include:potassium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, potassium acetamide, potassiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide, oxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid potassiumsalt, potassium salt 5-nitroorotic acid, potassium D-gluconate,potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K3Fe(CN)6), potassiumdiphenylphosphide, potassiumetherate, potassium acetate, potassiumacetate acid, potassium salt acetic acid, potassiumbenzamide, potassiumazide, potassium antimonide, potassium orthoarsenate, potassiumorthoarsenite, potassium meta-arsenite, potassium diborane, potassiumpentaborate, potassium dihydroxy diborane, potassium borohydride,potassium anilide, potassium cadium iodide, potassium chloride,potassium calcium chloride, potassium carbide, potassium carbonate,potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium alkylcarbonates (alkyl potassium carbonates), potassium methyl carbonate,potassium ethyl carbonate, potassium propyl carbonate, potassiumisopropyl carbonate, potassium carbonyl, potassium cobalt (II) cyanide,potassium cobalt (III) cyanide, potassium cobaltinitrite, potassiumcynomanganate (II), potassium cynomanganate (III), potassium citrate,potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium hydride,potassium hydroxide, potassium manganate, potassium permanganate,potassium methionate, potassium napthenate, potassium nitride, potassiumnitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium nitrophenoxide, potassiumnitrobenzene (e.g. potassium-p-nitrobenzene)potassium oleate, potassiumoxalate, potassium oxalatoferrate (II), potassium oxalatoferrate (III),potassium monoxide, potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, potassiummono-orthophosphate, potassium hypophosphite, potassium prthophosphite,potassium hydroxoplumbate, potassium rhodium cyanide, potassiumselenj.de, potassium selenite, potassium selenocynate, potassiumselenocyanoplatinate, potassium disilicate, potassium metasilicate,potassium sodium carbonate, potassium sodium ferricyanide, potassiumhydroxostannate, potassium disufide, potassium hydrosulfide, potassiumpentasulfide, potassium tetrasulfide, potassium trisulfide, potassiumtelluride, potassium thioarsenate, potassium thioarsenite, potassiumtrithiocarbonate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium amide, potassium salt(E,E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, dipotassium fluorophosphate, dipotassiumfluorophosphite, tripotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphite,potassium perchlorate, propanoic acid potassium salt, potassium formate,potassium cyanate, potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), potassiumhypophosphite, potassium hexaflurorsilicate, potassium nitroprusside,potassium phenoxide, Shell Chemical's “SparkAid or SparkAde,” potassiumphosphate (dibasic, monobasic, tribasic), potassium salicylate,potassium selenide, potassium tetracyanonickelate (II), potassiumtetrafluoroborate, potassium xanthogenate, potassium-p-aminobenzoate,potassium copper ferrocynanide, potassium cupric ferrocyanide, potassiumhexafluorophosphate, potassium hexanitricobaltate III, potassiumnaphthenate, potassium-B-naphthoxide,potassium polysulfide,potassium-sodium phosphate, potassium stearate, potassium sulfide,potassium sulfite, potassium sulfate, potassium thiocyanate, potassiumxanthate, potassium fluorosilicate, N-potassiumethylene-diamine, oxalicacid dipotassium salt, potassium beta-hydropyruvic acid, potassium1,1-dimethylurea, potassium 1,1-diethylurea, potassium1,1-diepropylurea, potassium xanthate, potassium ethylxanthate,potassium methylxanthate, potassium salt thiophenol,potassiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxlde, potassium ferrosilicon,triphenylmethylpotassium, methylpotassium, ethylpotassium,potas-siumethynyl(acetylide), propylpotassium, isopropylpotassium,butylpotassium, isobutylpotassium, secbutylpotassium,tertbutylpotassium, pentapotassium, hexylpotassium, heptapotassium,amylpotassium, isoamylpotassium, benzylpotassium,dimethylbenzylpotassium, tolylpotassium, dodecylpotassium,cyclopentadienylpotassium, methylcyclopentadienylpotassium,cyclohexylpotassium, potassiumheptyl, potassiumdodecyl, potassiumtetradecyl, potassium hexadecyl, potassium octadecyl, phenylpotassium,potassium o-tolyl, potassium m-tolyl, potassium p-tolyl,potassium-p-chlorophenyl, potassium p-bromophenyl, potassium potassiumo-anisyl, potassium m-anisyl, potassium p-anisyl, potassiumdiethoxyphenyl, potassium dimethoxyphenol, potassium m-cumyl, potassiump-ethoxyphenyl, potassium m-dimethylaminophenyl, potassium 9-flourene,potassium a-napthyl, potassium b-napthyl, potassium p-phenylphenyl,potassium 9-phenylanthryl, potassium 9-anthryl, potassium9-methylphenanthryl, potassium pyridyl, potassium 2-pyridyl, potassium3-pyridyl, potassium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, potassium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl,potassiumdibenzofuryl, potassium3-quinoyl, potassium 2-lepidyl,potassium triphenylmethyl, potassium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, potassium2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, potassium 2,3,5,6-tetraisopropylphenyl,potassium tetrabutylphenyl, thiophenedipotassium, toluenedipotassium,diphenylethylenedipotassium, p.otassium-amylethynyl,potassiumphenylethynyl, potassiummethoxybromophenyl, potassiumphenylisopropyl, potassium tetraphenylboron, potassium tetramethylboron,potassium a-thienyl, potassium m-trifluoromethylphenyl,phenylethynylpotassium, 3-furylpotassium, phenylisopropylpotassium,dibenzofuranylpotassium, potassium dimethyl-benzyl, potassiumselenocyanate, potassium trimethylsilanolate, diphenylphosphide,potassium benzoate, potassium tert-butyl carbonate, potassium azide,di-potassiumcyanamide, potassium cyanide, potassium dicyanamide,cyclohexanebutyric acid potassium salt, cyclohexane acid potassium salt,cyclopentadientylpotassium, potassium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride,potassium triethylborohydride, potassium trimethylborohydride, potassiumtripropylborohydride, potassium triisopropylborohydride, ●potassiumtributylborohydride, potassium triisobutylborohydride, potassiumtri-sec-butylborohydride, potassium tri-tert-butylborohydride, potassiumtrisiamylborohydride, potassium chlorate, potassium tert-butoxide,potassium sec-butoxide, iso-butoxide, potassium antimonate, potassiumdiphenylphosphide, potassium′ bis(trismethylsilyl)amide, tripotassium,phosphite, potassium selenocyanate, potassiumtri-sec,-butylborohydr/ide, potassium triethylsilanolate, potassiumthiocyanate, potassium acetylide, potassium chlorate, potassiumsalicylate, potassium di-potassium tetracarbonylferrate, potassiumtetraphenylborate, potassium triethylborohydride, po/tassiumtriacetoxyborohydride, potassium triphenylborane, potassium hydroxide,potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide,potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride, tri-tert-butylborohydride, potassiumtriethylborohydride, potassium triphenylborohydride, potassiumtrisiamylborohydride, potassium metavanadate, potassiumcyclohexanebutyrate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, pptassiumthiocyanate, potassium selenocyanate, potassium cyanate, potassiumfloride, potassium hexafluoroantimonate, potassium hexafluoroaluminate,potassium hexafluoroarsenate<potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassiumhexacyano-cobalt (II) ferrate (II), dipotassiumhexacyanocobalt (II)ferrate (II), potassium hexa-fluorotitanate, potassium hexafluorozirconate, potassium hexahydroxyantimonate, potassiumhexachlororuthenate, potassium hexachloropalladate, potassium formate,potassium tetracyanonickelate, potassium tetrafluoroaluminate, potassiumtetrafluoroborate, potassium thioacetate, L-glutamic acid monopotassiumsalt, fumaric acid potassium salt, oxamic acid potassium salt, potassiumsalt diphenyl-phospane, P-aminobenzoic potassium salt, aminobenzole acidpotassium salt, alpha-napthaleneacetic acid potassium salt, dipotassiumsalt 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxlic acid, potassium cyclcohexanetherate,potassium phthalimide, P-amino-salicylic acid potassium salt, potassiumsalt 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate, indolebutyric acid potassiumsalt,indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt, potassium diphenylphosphide,potassium dimethylsilanolate, potassium, triethylborohydride, potassiumpropoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassiumsec-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassiumhydrogenphthalate, potassium oxalate, potassium hydrogen-sulfate,monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate,potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium hexoate(potassium salt hexoicacid), potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate,potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt,monopotassium L-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldipotassium(C6H5)2CK2C(C6H5)2, potassiumethylphenyl (KCH2C6H5), potassium bromate,potassium chromate, potassium hydrogenphospate, monpotassium saltD-shaccharic acid, Dl-asparatlc potassium salt,(R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspartic acid potassium salt, potassium fluoride,potassium, ibdate, potassium-salt ethyl malonate, potassium thioacetate,potassium phenol, potassium salt aminobenzoic acid, potassiumaminophenol salt, potassium cyclohexenol, potassium methylcyclohexenol,potassium cyclopropanol, potassium methylcyclopropanol, potassiumcyclobutanol, potassium methylcyclobvttanol, potassiummethylcyclopentanol, potassium cyclopentanol, potassium cyclohexenol,potassium methylcyclohexenol, potassium dimethylcyclohexenols (e.g.potassium 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, potassium 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol,potassium 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, potassium 2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol,3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol), potassium o-ethylxanthic acid, monopotassiumsalt 2-ketoglutaric acid, dipotassium salt, ketomalonic acid, potassiumsalt lactic acid, dipotassium thiosulfate, potassium antimony tartrate,potassium dichloroacetate, potassium dimethylacetate, potassiumdiethylacetate, potassium dipropylacetate, potassium metaborate,potassium tetraborate, potassium tetrachloro-cuprate, potassiumacetoacetate, potassium diisopropylamide, potassium diethylamide,potassium dimethylamide, potassium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, dipotassiumphthalocyanine, dipotassiumtetrabromocuprate, dipotassiumtetrabromonickelate, dipotassiumtetrachloromanganate,dipotassiumbutadiyne, potassium cyclopentadienide, potassiumdicyclohexylamide, potassium diethylamide, potassium dimethylamide,potassium dipropylamide, potassium diisopropylamide, potassiumthexylborohydride, potassium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride, potassiumtrimethyl-silyl)acetylide, potassium triethylsilyl)acetylide, potassiumtrist(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride, (phenylethynyl)potassium,2-thienylpotassium, potassium diethyldihydroaluminate, potassiumdimethyldihydroaluminate, potassium aluminum hydride, potassiumbifluoride, potassium biphenyl, potassium biselenite, potassium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride, potassium bismuthate, potassiumborate, potassium chlorite, potassium cobaltnitrite, potassiumcyanoborohydride, potassium cyclopentadienide, potassium dicyanamide,potassium hexametaphosphate, potassium hexanitrocolbaltate, potassiumhydrogenphosphite, potassium hydrogenselenite, potassiumhydrogensulfite, potassium hydrosulfite, potassium hypochloride,potassium metaarsenite, potassiummetabisulfide, potassium metaperiodate,potassium methacrylate, potassium nitroferricyanide, oxybate, potassiumpentamethylcyclopentadienide, potassium phenolate, polyphosphate,potassium polyphosphite, potassium propionate, potassium pyrophosphate,potassium selenate, potassium selenite, potassium tetrachloroaluminate,potassium thiomethoxide, potassium thiosulfate, potassium thiosulfide,potassium thiosulfite, potassium triactoxyborohydride, potassiumtrimethylsilonate, potassium triethylsilonate, potassiumtris(1-pyra-zoly)borohydride, including analogues, homologues, isomersand derivatives thereof. Corresponding compounds of rubidium, caesium(cesium), francium are contemplated in the practice of this invention.

Non-limiting derivative magnesium compounds contemplated by thisinvention include: alkyl manganese compounds, dialkyl magnesiumcompounds, magnesium ethylate (ethoxide), magnesium methoxide,dimethylmagnesium, diethylmagnesium, dipropylmagnesium,diisopropylmagnesium, dibutylmagnesium, ditertbutylmagnesium,di-iso-butylmagnesium, di-sec-butylmagnesium, diphenylmagnesium,methylmagnesium chloride, methylmagnesium iodide, magnesiummethylcarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium anthracene dianion,bromomagnesium isopropylcyclohexylamide, methylmagnesium bromide,methylmagnesium chloride, ethylmagnesium chloride, magnesium floride,magnesium chloride, butylmagnesium chloride, isopropylmagnesiumchloride, cyclopentylmagnesiumhydride, cyclopentylmagnesium-hydroxide,cyclopentylmagnesiumchloride, cyclopentylmagnesiummethyl,cyclopentylmagnesiumethyl, cyclopentylmagnesiummethylol,cyclopentylmagnesiumethylol, cyclopentylmagnesiummethoxy,cyclopentylmag-nesiumethoxy,cyclohexylmagnesiumhydride,cyclohexylmagnesiumhydroxide, cyclohexylmagnesiumchloride,cyclohexylmagnesiummethyl, cyclohexylmagnesiumethyl,cyclohexylmagnesiummethylol, cyclohexylmagnesiumethylol,cyclohexylmagnesiummethoxy, cyclohexylmagnesiumethoxy,tert-butylmagnesium chloride, isobutyl-magnesium chloride, allymagnesiumchloride, benzylmagnesium chloride, benzylmagnesium hydride,benzylmagnesium ethylate, benzylmagnesium methylate, benzylmagnesiumethoxy, benzyl-magnesium methoxy, magnesium acetate, magnesium alkylcarbonates, magnesium methyl carbonate, magnesium ethyl carbonate,magnesium isopropyl carbonate, trimethylsilylmethyl magnesium chloride,magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, methylmagnesiumisopropylcyclo-hexylamide, magnesium pyrophosphate,phenylethynylmagnesium bromide, methylphenylmagnesiumchloride,methylmagnesium, ethylmagnesium, propylmagnesium, isopropylmagnesium,butylmagnesium, isobutylmagnesium, tert-butylmagnesium,secbutylmagnesium, phenylmagnesium, magnesium acetate, magnesiumhydrogenphosphate, cyclopentylmagnesium, cyclopentylmagnesiumhydroxide,cyclopentylmethylmagnesium, methylcyclopentylmethylmagnesium,allylmagnesium, benzylmagnesium, pentylmagnesium,1,1-dimethylpropylmagnesiumhydroxide, 1,1-dimethylpropylmethylmagnesium,phenylmagnesium, phenolmagnesi/urn, magnesium hydroxide,magnesiumcarbonate, magnesiumsilicide, magnesium phosphate, magnesiumphosphite, magnesium bisulfite, L-aspartic acid magnesium, DL-asparticacid magnesium, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivativethereof. Corresponding beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium andzinc compounds are contemplated in the practice of this invention. SeeThe Organic Compounds of Magnesium, Beryllium, Calcium, Strontium, andBarium, Ioffe, Nesmeyanov, Amsterdam (1967), Organomagnesium Methods inOrganic Synthesis, Wakefield, Academic Press, FL (1995), incorporated byreference. The mixture of dialkyl magnesium compounds with pyrophoricmetallics is specifically contemplated.

Non-limiting selenium, derivative compounds include: alkyl and dialkylselenium compounds, dimethylselenium, dimethyl selenide,diethylselenium, dipropylselenium, diaisopropylselenium,diabutylselenium, diaisobutylselenium, dia-tert-butylselenium,dia-sec-butylselenium, di-phenylselenium, tetramethylselenium,tetraethylselenium, tetrapropylselenium, tetraisopropylselenium,tetrabutyl-selenium, tetraisobutylselenium, tetra-tert-butylselenium,tetra-sec-butylselenium, tetra-phenylselenium, phenylselenium,methylphenylselenium, methylphenylselenide, methylphenolselenium, zincselenite, di-n-butylphosphane selenide, selenanthrene, selenourea,selenophene, allylphenylselenide, 1,3-dihydro-benzoimid______,2,3-dihydro-3-methyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-selenourea, diphenyldiselenide, phenylselenyl chloride, benzeneseleninic acid, sodiumselenite, benzeneseninic anhydride, potassium selenocyanate, selenourea,sodium hydrogenselenite, 4-chlorobenzeneseleninide,4-(methylseleno)butyrate, benzyl selenide, alkyl selenium, includingdimethylselenide, diethylselenide, dipropylselenide, etc., ally phenylselenide, benzeneselenol, benzyl selenide,(phenylselenomethyl)trimethylsilane, potassium selenate, potassiumselenite, selenic acid, dibenzyl diselenide, p-tolyl selenide,triphenylphosphine selenium, seleno-DL-methionine, P-tolyl selenide,including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof. SeeOrganoselenium Chemistry, Liotta, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1987),incorporated herein by reference.

Non-limiting telluride derivative compounds include: di-n-butylphosphaneselenide, selenanthrene, selenourea, selenophene, allylphenylselenide,dimethyltelluride, diethyltelluride, dipropyltelluride,diisopropyltelluride, dibutyltelluride, diaisobutyltelluride,dia-tert-butyltelluride, dia-sec-butyltelluride, di-phenyltelluride,tetramethyltelluride, tetraethyltelluride, tetrapropyltelluride,tetraisopropyltelluride, tetrabuty-Itelluride, tetraisobutyltelluride,tetra-tert-butyltelluride, tetra-sec-butyltelluride,tetra-phenyltelluride, phenyltelluride, methylphenyltelluride,methylphenoltelluride, zinc selenite, di-n-butylphosphane telluride,diphenyl ditelluride, dimethyltelluride, diethyltelluride,dipropyltelluride, diisopropyltelluride, dibutyltelluride,diisobutyltelluride, di-tert-butyltel-luride, di-sec-butyltelluride,di-phenyltelluride, dimethylditelluride, diethylditelluride,dipropylditelluride, diisopropylditelluride, dibutylditelluride,diisobutylditelluride, di-tert-butylditelluride,di-sec-butylditelluride, di-phenylditel-luride, including analogue,homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof.

Non-limiting iron derivative compounds include:[cyclopentadienyl]methylcyclopentadienyl iron, ferrocene,methylferrocene, and butadiene iron tricarbonyl, [butadiene irontricarbonyl,]dicyclopentadienyl iron and dicyclopentadienyl ironcompounds; ferrocene, methyl ferrocenes, decamethylferrocenebis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron), 1,1′-diacetylferrocene,ferrocenecarboxylic acid, 1,1′-ferrocene-carboxylic acid,ferroceneacetic acid, fer-roceneacetronitrile,1,1′-ferrocenebis(diphenylphosphine), ferrocenecarbonxaldehyde,ferrocenecarboxylic acid-1,1′ferrocenedicarboxylic acid,1,1′ferrocenedimethanol, ferrocenedimethanol, diiron nonacarbonyl,di-irondodecacarbonyl, di-ironnonacarbonyl, ironpentacarbonyl, triirondodecacarbonyl, vinylferrocene, biscyclopentadienyl iron (ferrocene),cyclopentadienyl methylcyclopentadienyl iron,bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron, cyclopentadienyl ethylcyclopentadienyliron, bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)iron, bis(dimethylcyclopentadienyl)iron,bis(trimethyl-cyclopentad ienyl)iron, cyclopentadienyltert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl iron, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron,methylcyclopentadienyl ethylcyclopentadienyl iron,bis(hexylcyclopentadienyl)iron, bisindenyl iron, butadiene irontricarbonyl, dicyclopentadienyl iron, cyclopentadienyl iron (dicarbonyl)(iodide), cyclopentadienyl iron (carbonyl)(iodide)(methyltetrahydrofuran), iron (III) ferrocyanide, ammoniumhexacyanoferrate (II) hydrate, cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer,cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl iodide, iron pentacarbonyl, diironnonacarbonyl, ferroceneacetic acid, ferroceneacetonitrile,ferrocenemethanol, acetylferrocene, including analogue, homologue,isomer, and derivative thereof. Other examples are set forth U.S. Pat.Nos. 2,680,; 2,804,468; 3,341,311, The Organic Chemistry of Iron,Koerner, New York, Academic Press (1978), incorporated herein byreference.

Non-limiting nickel derivative compounds include: alkyl; aryl, alkyloxy,alkylanol, aryloxy, di/trialkyl, di/triaryl, di/trialkyloxy,di/trialkylanol, di/triaryloxy, and/or cyclomatic complexes, including,biscyclopentadienyl nickel, cyclopentadienyl methylcyclopentadienylnickel, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)nickel,bis(triphenylphosphine)-dicarbonyl nickel,bis(isopropylcyclppentadienyl)nickel, bisindenyl nickel,cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, methylcyclopentadienyl nickelnitrosyl, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof.

Non-limiting cobalt derivative compounds include: bis-cyclopentadienylcobalt, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt,bis(dimethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt, cyclopentadienyl cobalt,dicarbonyl, cobalt(ous) hexamethylenetetramine,cobalt(ous)hydroxyquinone, cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl, includinganalogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof.

Non-limiting zinc derivative compounds include: alkyl zinc, aryl zinc,alkyloxy zinc, aryloxy zinc, dialkyl zinc, diaryl zinc, dialkyloxy zinc,diaryloxy zinc, cyclomatic zinc complexes, including, dimethylzinc,diethylzinc, dipropylzinc, diisopropylzinc, dibutylzinc, diisobutylzinc,di-tert-butylzinc, di-sec-butylzinc, di-phenylzinc, zinc acetate, zincethoxide, zinc arsenide, zinc hydroxide, zinc selenide, zinc selenite,zinc flouride, zinc chloride, zinc cyanide, zinc floride, zinc chloride,zinc undecylenate, zinc nitrate, zinc acrylate, zinc methacrylate,methyl zinc chloride, isobutylzinc chloride, zinc stearate, zincdimethyldiethiocarbamate, di-n-propylzinc, di-o-tolyzinc, isobutylzincchloride, methylzinc chloride, zinc methacrlate, zinc acrylate, zinchexaflourosilicate, zinc nitrate, zinc hydroxide, zinc undecylenate,zinc selenite, zinc cyanide, isobutylzinc chloride, methyl zincchloride, L(+)lactic acid hemizinc, including analogues, homologues,isomers and derivatives thereof. Corresponding magnesium compounds arecontemplated. See Zinc, The Science and Technology of the Metal, ItsAlloys & Compounds, Mattewson, N.Y., Reinhold (1959), incorporated byreference.

Non-limiting examples of transition metal derivative compounds, e.g.metals of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron,cobalt, nickel, and their respective chemical groups, include transitionmetal alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, aryloxy, and/or ring system type compounds.Multiple alkyl, alkyloxy radicals per metal are contemplate. Cyclomatictransition metal compounds are expressly contemplated. SeeOrganometallic Chemistry of Transition Metals, 2 Ed, Crabtree, JohnWiley & Sons, N.Y. (1994), incorporated herein by reference.

Non-limiting examples of manganese compounds includebenzyleyelopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl; 1.2-dipropyl3-cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl;1.2-diphenylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl; 3-propenylienylmanganese tricarbonyl; 2-tolyindenyl manganese tricarbonyl; fluorenylmanganese tricarbonyl; 2.3.4.7-propyflourentyl manganese tricarbonyl;3-naphthylfluorenyl manganese tricarbonyl; 4.5.6.7-tetrahydroindenylmanganese tricarbonyl; 3-3ethenyl-4,7-dihydroindenyl manganesetricarbonyl; 2-ethyl3(a-phenylethenyl)4,5,6,7tetrahydroindenyl manganesetricarbonyl; 3-(a-cyclo-hexylenthenyl)-4.7-dihydroindenyl manganesetricarbonyl; 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydrofluorenyl manganese tricarbonyland the like. A preferred cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl iscyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. A more preferred cyclomaticmanganese tricarbonyl is methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese (MMT).

Non-limiting examples of acceptable substitutes include the alkyl,aralkyl, aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl and alkenyl groups.The above compounds can be generally prepared by methods that are knownin the art. Corresponding compounds of technetium and rhenium. (seeCanadian Patent #1073207) are contemplated.

Non-limiting nitrogen derivative compounds include:2-methoxybenzylamine, 2-methoxybenzylamine,2-(4-methoxyben-zylamino)pyridine, nitroanline, 1-nitroanline,2-nitroanline, 3-nitroanline, 4-nitroanline, nitroanisole,1-nitroanisole, 2-nitroanisole, 3-nitroanisole, 4-nitroanisole, aniline,2-anilinoethanol, anisamide, anisonitrile, acetonitrile, nitromethane,nitroethane, picoline, 1-picoline, 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 4-picoline,tetramethylammoniumhydroxide, dimethylolurea, 1,1-dibutylurea,tetraethylammoniumhydroxide, N,N,N′,N′-tetra-methylethylenediamine,toluic hydazide, toluidine, m-tol-uidine, o-toluidine, p-toluidine,tolunitrile, o-tolunitrile, p-tolunitrile, triazacyclononane, triazole,1,2,4-triazole, triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, tributylamine,triethanolamine, trimethanolamine, tripropanolamine,trimethoxypyrimidine, 2,4,6-trimethoxypyrimidine, tetramethylammonium,trimethylpyrazine, urea, urazole, guanidine nitrate, guandine acetaticacid, thiophenol, sodium salt thiophenol, thiourea, cumidine,diphenylamine, m-xylidine, monmelthylanine, toluidine, amylaminobenzene,ethylaminobenzene, aminophenyl, methyl-o-toluidine, n-butylaminobenzene,n-propylaminobenzene, monoethylaniline, mon-n-propylaniline,ethyldiphenylamine, mono-n-butylaniline, diethylamine,di-n-propylaniline, mono-isoamylaniline, diethylaniline,dimethylaniline, ethylamine, triethylamine, triphenylamine,isopropylnitrite, ammonia, including analogues, homologues, isomers andderivatives thereof.

Other non-limiting nitrogen compounds include monethylanile,ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline,nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine,trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine,methylhydrazine, symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetricaldimethylhydrazine, tetranitromethane, hydrozide xylidine, 2,3-xylidine,ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide,ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoicacid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, amines, anilines, amides,hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitrates, dinitrate compounds alkylnitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines,anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines,nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, amides, nitrosyls, imides,monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine,monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine,triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine,monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetrical dimethylhydrazine,unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia,ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide,ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoicacid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, alkyl nitrate, optionally selectedfrom the group consisting of methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, isoethylnitrate, n-propyl nitrate, iso-propyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl nitratenitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane,di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides,nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, amides,nitrosyls, imides, monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethylnitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, n-propylnitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines,dimethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetricaldimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine,2,3-xylidine, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid,(ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogendioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen,-hydrocyanic acid,tetranitrpmethane, nitromethane, nitroethane, or nitropropane andmixture. Aryl, cycloalkyl, and aryl nitrates including organo nitrates,such as nitrobenzenes, dinitrobenzenes, nitrotoluenes/; dinitrotoluenes,2-ethylhexylnitrate, derivates, homologues and analogues arecomtemplated herein.

Non-limiting titanium derivative compounds include: titaniumdiisopropoxide bis(2,4-pentanedionate), titanium methoxide, titaniumethoxide, titanium (IV) 2-ethylexoxide, titanium isopropoxide,tetraethylorthotitanate, including analogues, homologues, isomers andderivatives thereof.

Non-limiting zirconium derivative compounds include: zirconium carbide,zirconium propoxide, zirconium ethoxide, decamethylzirconocene,decamethylzirconocene dichloride, bis-cyclopentadieriyl zirconium,including analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.

Non-limiting molybdenum derivative compounds include:molybdenumcarbonyl, molybdenum hexacarbonyl, tripyridinetricarbonylmolybdenum, molybdenumoxytetrachloride/cyclopentadienylmolybdenum carbonyls, including but not limited tobenzenemolybdenumtricarbonyl, bicycloheptadienemolybdenum tetracarbonyl,cycloheptatrien-molybdenum tricarbonyl, bis-cyclopentadienylbimolybdenumpentacarbonyl, mesitylenemolybdenum tricarbonyl, tropeniummolybdenumtricarbonyl fluoroborate, cyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer,methylcyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer, anisole molybdenumtricarbonyl, mesitylene molybdenum tricarbonyl, including analogue,homologue, isomers and derivative thereof. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,272,606,and 3,718,444, incorporated by reference. Corresponding chromium andtungsten compounds are contemplated in the practice of this invention.

Non-limiting copper derivative compounds include: alkyl coppercompounds, bis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) hydroxide, copper carbonate,cyclopentadienyltriethylphosphine copper, diazoaminobenzene (ous),copper acetate, copper acetylacetonate, copper aminoacetate, copperethylacetate, copper ferrocyanide, copper potassium ferrocyanide, coppernathenate, copper nitrate, copper phosphide, copper phthalate, includinganalogue, homologue, isomers and derivative thereof. See Copper, TheScience and Technology of the Metal, Its Alloys & Compounds, Butts,N.Y., Reinhold (1954), incorporated by reference.

Other contemplated organometallic compounds are metal-locenes,non-limiting example compounds include, ferrocene, cobaltocene, nickelocene, titanocene diahloride, zirconocene dichloride, uranocene,decamethylferrocene, decamethylsilicocene, decamethylgermaniumocene,decamethylstannocene, decamethylphosocene, decamethylosrhocene,decamethylruthenocene, decamethyl-zirconocene, including analogue,homologue, isomers and derivative thereof.

It is to be noted the above list is not exhaustive. The metals and theirderivative compounds of this invention include every metal, metalloid,and/or non-metal (herein “metal” or “metallic”) capable of acheivingvapor phase combustion, individually or incombination with Applicant'ssaid ECS oxygenates.

Applicant's invention contemplates wide variation in metal substitutionand mixing practice. Thus, it is expressly contemplated the non-leadorgano-tnetallies, non-lead inorganic metallics, and/or their relatedhigh heat releasing compounds, including those set forth above may bemixed in varying proportions, and/or substituted and/or replaced by anynon-lead metallic or non-metallic (organic or inorganic [atom, moleculeor compound, including those containing nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine,fluorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon, or radon atoms])accomplishing the object of this invention.

Metal derivative compounds and combinations may be entirely or maycontain in part or whole non-metal atoms, e.g. nitrogen, sulfur,chlorine, fluorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon, or radon, etc.,so long as primary object of vapor phase combustion is, accomplished. Itis contemplated Applicant's metals are substitutents in the fuel,itself, which may also contain certain non-metals, and their derivativecompounds, including but not limited to nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine,chlorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon, or radon, in combinationwith dialkyl carbonates. These non-metals, and their derivativecompound, may be employed with or without any other contemplated metals.It is further contemplated to substitute or mix these non-tnetallicswith non-metallics, with metallics, or to mix metallics with metallics,etc., to achieve synergistic improvements in heat releases, burningvelocity, thermal efficiency, emission reductions, power generation, andthe like.

It is contemplated said non-metals will employed invarying proportionswithin the compound or combination compounds to achieve synergisticimprovements in heat releases, burning velocity, thermal efficiency,emissions, power generation, and the like. For example,hexamethylphosphoric triamide, N,N,N′,N′-hexamethylsilanediamine, bis(diethylamono)-dimethylsilane may be added as a co-metallic or as asecondary co-combustion agent to the co-combustion agents set forthabove. Concentrations will be minor, but sufficient to further improvevapor phase combustion (e.g further enhancing fuel ecomony or power,etc.).

Ranges vary depending upon the specific metallic, fuels, fuel weight,regulations, advance applications, thermodynamics, and the extentcombustion systems are modified to enhance the accelerated lowtemperature high energy nature of Applicant's invention. Thus, metallicconcentrations that maximize combustion velocity and/or the vapor phasecombustion object of this invention are expressly contemplated.

However, it is contemplated that Applicant's fuel also be absent anymetal or non-metal. That is, Applicant's invention, by acceleratingburning velocity and/or increasing latent heat of vaporization, and/orreducing combustion temperatures by fuel substituent tailoring, chemicaland/or mechanical means, as set forth herein or in the afforementionedPCT Applications, said fuel can be employed absent either an ECSoxygenate or a metallic or non-metallic.

In accordance with this invention, Applicant's fuels will contain thatamount of at least non-lead metallic, which constitutes a combustionimproving amount consistent with the fuel composition, stoichiometry,combustion system, efficiencies, fuel economy and power desired, as wellas legal and/or environmental considerations.

It is expressly contemplated that Applicant's metallics be incorporatedinto liquid fuel systems by means of mutual solvents, mutualdispersents/solvents, colloidal media, suspension media, or other knownmeans, or being separately injected. Metallic's, which are solid atambiant temperatures may be introduced into the combustor/combustionchamber by liquidification or gasification means.

It is preferred the metallics of this invention be relativelyinexpensive to manufacture on a mass production basis.

The metal, metalloid, NLEC and combustion catalysts concentrationamounts are to be optimized, such that vapor phase combustion results.Thus, the metal and its optimum concentration amount, is an amount thatresults in vapor phase combustion, which is evidenced by improvedthermal efficiency, fuel economy emissions, power, etc. In the practiceof this invention, the ratio of oxygenated ECS. compound by weight toelemental metal, metalloid, NLEC and combustion catalystby weight in thecomposition is equal to or less than 10,000:1 (parts) to equal orgreater than 1:1. Other ratios include from 1,000,000:1 to 100,000:1;100,000:1′ to.50,000:1; 50,000:1 to 25,000:1; 25,000:1 to 15,000:1;15,000:1 to 12,000:1, 12,000:1 to 11,000:1, 11,000:1 to 1/0,000:1,9,000:1, 8,000:1, 7,000:1, 6,000;1, 5,000:1, 4,000:1, 1,000:1, 900:1,500:1, 300:1, 200:1, 150:1, 100:1, 90:1, 80:1, 75:1, 70:1, 60:1, 50:1,40:1, 30:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1 to 3:1, or interval ratio contained therein(e.g. 50:1 to 3-0:1) and also 1:1 to 1:20, or any other ratio thatmaximizes vapor phase combustion. Other acceptable concentrations in afuel composition for said ingredients (individually or in combination)include from 1 to 3000 ppm, 1 to 2000 ppm 1 to 1000 ppm, 1 to 500 ppm, 1to 400 ppm, 1 to 250 ppm, 1 to 100 ppm, 1 to 50 ppm, 1 to 10 ppm or anyother concentrations which maximizes combustion, and is contempated inthe claims below.

Metallic salts may be employed in fuels at 0.01 to 4000.0 parts metallicper million fuel, 1.0 to 150 ppm metallic being contemplated, withconcentrations equal or less than 50.0, 40.0, 30.0, 20.0, 16.0, 10.0,5.0 ppm metallic also contemplated. Other salt concentrations will varyfrom 0.10 to 75.0 ppm metal per million, from 30.0 to 2000.0 permillion, from 25 to 750 parts metallic or salt per million fuel. In theapplication of Applicant's invention elemental metal concentrations from3.0 to 500.0 ppm metal are expressly contemplated and desirable.Concentrations outside these ranges are contemplated.

It has been found that higher oxygen weight concentrations in fuelcompositions, particularly with higher concentrations of enhancedcombustion properties, permit higher acceptable metallic concentrations.Higher average fuel densities are also associated with higher acceptablemetallic concentrations and higher exhaust velocities, and arepreferred. Engine combustion thermal dynamics and stoichiometry dictateupper metallic limits.

As noted above, elemental metallic concentrations will varysubstantially. Non-limiting examples include elemental metallicconcentrations equal to or greater than {fraction (1/64)}, {fraction(1/32)}, {fraction (1/16)}, {fraction (3/32)}, ⅛, {fraction (5/32)},{fraction (3/16)}, ¼, {fraction (5/16)}, ⅜, {fraction (7/16)}, ½, ⅝, ¾,⅞, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0,4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0 grams/gal.In advance aviation, rocket and/or propellant and other applications,elemental metal concentrations can be on the order of 10 to 25, 20 to40, 20. to 50, 20 to 100, even 50 to 1000, or more, grams/gal,especially in hypergolic conditions. Concentrations both above and belowthese ranges are contemplated. All combustion improving orstoichiometric amounts of elemental metal are contemplated, whichmaximize combustion so long as the resultant fuel's burning velocityincreases compared to fuel absent metallic.

Thus, those metallic concentrations that maximize combustion velocityand/or other objects of this invention are expressly contemplated.Ranges will vary depending upon the specific metallic, itsconcentration, concentration and type of ECS oxygenates, theconcentration and nature of hydrocarbon fuel composition, including itsdensity, the intended application, relevant thermodynamics, extentcombustion systems are modified to enhance the accelerated lowtemperature high energy nature of Applicant's invention, environmentalregulation, and the like.

Metallics used in the fuel compositions of the present invention shouldbe fuel soluble_(i)generally having melting and boiling rangescompatible with liquid hydrocarbons, or be incorporated into liquid fuelsystems by means of mutual solvents, dispersants, or other means, asrequired. Alternatively, the metallics may be introduced into thecombustor/combustion chamber of liquide or gaseous fuels (e.g. naturalgas) by separate means, including separate injection, liquidification orgasification, colloidal media, suspension media. Metallics may beintroduced into the combustor in an atomized, vaporized, or gasifiedform, separately and/or in combination with the other ingredients of theinvention.

In solid fuel applications, the metallic may be introduced as a solid.In hybrid applications, it may be introduced as either as solid, liquidor gas, together with the balance of the invention's ingredients. Mostpreferably, the metallic is employed as a propellant or co-propellant,or jointly together with a propellant. Hydrogen content of the metallicand/or metallic containing fuel should be maximized, to the extentpossible.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations andmodifications of the invention disclosed herein may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof.

EXAMPLES BELOW INCLUDE BY INCORPORATION THE COMBUSTION CATALYSTS SETFORTH HEREIN

1. A fuel composition comprising:

-   -   i. a non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic compound        containing said element, being selected from the group of        elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8,        and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, silicon,        nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixture        thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic compound being        present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element Compound “NLEC”);        and;    -   ii. a dialkyl carbonic acid ester (dialkyl carbonate) iii. a        COMBUSTION CATALYST;

2. A fuel composition comprising:

-   -   i. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic        compound containing said element, said element being selected        from the group of elements Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P,        S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br,        Rb, Sr, Y, Z.r, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, or Cs        and mixture thereof, wherein said element or its organic or        inorganic compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead        Element Compound “NLEC”); and    -   ii. a compound selected from a glycol, or a glycol ether,        optionally containing at least one substituent selected from        alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, diethylene, dialkyloxy, methylene,        ethylene, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate,        aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy,        carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl,        hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, methylenedioxy or nitrosyl radical,        and mixtures thereof; iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST

3. An improved fuel economy composition for spark-ignited internalcombustion engine, comprising:

-   -   i. a nonleaded gasoline base comprised of hydrocarbons, ii. a        cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl antiknock compound having        a manganese concentration greater than 0.008256 gr/liter Mn and        less than 0.2642 gr/liter Mn in the fuel composition;    -   iii. a combustion burning velocity increasing and/or combustion        temperature reducing amount an oxygenate additive selected from        the group consisting of carbon monoxide, methylene dimethyl        ether, carbonic acid dimethyl ester, carbonic acid diethyl        ester, dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl        ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether,        methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol,        2-butanol, tertiary butanol, and mixture thereof;    -   iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST

4. A hydrocarbon aviation or automobile gasoline compositioncharacterized as having a minimum laminar flame burning velocity of 46cm/sec (compared to methanol 57.2 cm/sec) comprising:

-   -   i. a hydrocarbon base boiling in aviation or automobile gasoline        ranges;    -   ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic        compound containing said element, said element being selected        from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B,        5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus,        silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and        mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic        compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element        Compound “NLEC”); and iii. at least one Enhanced Combustion        Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or        increasing burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat        of vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its        boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured        by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV”), selected from the        group consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols,        aldehydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic        esters, carboxylic acids; carbonates, di-carbonates, esters,        di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol.        ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl        nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates,        amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides,        nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines,        imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates,        othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids,        peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound optionally        containing at least one substituent’selected from alkyl,        alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,        amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,        carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,        glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical,        and mixtures thereof, (under the proviso any mixture has an        average LHV of at least 21 kJ mol⁻¹ and a BV of at least 40        cm/sec);    -   iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST

5. An unleaded hydrocarbon gasoline composition having a minimum latentheat of vaporization (“LHV”) of 860 BTU/gallon @ 60° F. comprising:

-   -   i. a hydrocarbon base boiling in aviation or automobile gasoline        ranges    -   ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic        compound containing said element, said element being selected        from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B,        5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus,        silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and        mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic        compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element        Compound “NLEC”); and iii. At least one Enhanced Combustion        Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or        increasing, burning velodity, said compound having a minimum        burning velocity (as measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40        cm/sec (“BV”), selected from the group consisting of acetic        acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, aldehydes,        anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, carboxylic acids,        carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers,        formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones,        ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane,        nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines,        amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines,        nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine,        2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids,        oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and        phenols, said compound optionally containing at least one        substituent selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy,        polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde,        carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy,        ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide,        methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof.    -   iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST

An automotive gasoline having a maximum T-90 distillation fractionboiling at 174° C. (345° F.) or an aviation gasoline having a maximumend boiling point of 165° C. (328° F.), comprising:

-   -   v. An unleaded hydrocarbon base,    -   vi. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic        compound containing said element, said element being selected        from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B,        5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus,        silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and        mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic        compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element        Compound “NLEC”); and vii. at least one Enhanced Combustion        Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or        increasing burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat        of vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its        boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured        by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV”), selected from the        group consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols,        aldehydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic        esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters,        di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol        ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl        nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates,        amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides,        nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines,        imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates,        othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids,        peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound optionally        containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,        alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,        amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,        carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,        glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical,        and mixtures thereof, viii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST

6. An unleaded hydrocarbon fuel composition comprising:

-   -   i. a hydrocarbon base,    -   ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic        compound containing said element, said element being selected        from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B,        5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus,        silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and        mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic        compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element        Compound “NLEC”); and iii. at least one Enhanced Combustion        Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or        increasing burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat        of vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its        boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured        by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV”), selected from the        group consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols,        aldehydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic        esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters,        di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol        ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl        nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates,        amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides,        nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines,        imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates,        othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids,        peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound optionally        containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,        alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalky],oxy, aryl,        amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,        carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,        glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenetiioxy radical,        and mixtures thereof, iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST    -   v. wherein the constituents of the fuel composition and their        respective amounts are tailored such that fuel compositions        having the following maximum T-90 distillation fraction        temperatures and maximum boiling point end temperatures        respectively are obtained:        -   □#1 diesel, #1 gas turbine fuel oil, or #1 fuel oil with a            maximum T-90 distillation fraction temperature of 288° C.;        -   □#2 diesel, #2 gas turbine fuel oil, or #2 fuel oil with a            maximum T-9,0′ distillation fraction temperature of 338° C.;            or        -   □a a jet turbine fuel oil with a maximum end boiling point            temperature of 300° C.

7. A Rocket fuel composition having a minimum specific impulse of notless than 200 I_(sp) Sec., comprising:

-   -   i. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic        compound containing said element, said element being selected        from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B,        5B, 6B, 7B, 8 (CAS version), and from iodine, bismuth,        germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine,        chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, said element or its        organic or inorganic, compound being present in combustible form        (Non-Lead Element Compound “NLEC”), optionally having heats of        combustion of 9000 Kcal/mol; and    -   ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Structure (“ECS) compound        reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing burning        velocity, said compound having a latent heat of vaporization        (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its boiling        temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by        laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV”), selected from the        group consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols,        aldehydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic        esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters,        di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol        ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl        nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates,        amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides,        nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines,        imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates,        othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids,        peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound optionally        containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,        alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,        amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,        carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,        glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical,        and mixtures thereof,    -   iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST    -   iv. optionally a propellant,    -   v. optionally an oxidizer,

8. An unleaded hydrocarbon fuel composition comprising:

-   -   i. a hydrocarbon,    -   ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic        compound containing said element, said element being selected        from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B,        5B, 6B, 7B, 8 (CAS version), and from iodine, bismuth,        germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine,        chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, said element or its        organic or inorganic compound being present in combustible form        (Non-Lead Element Compound “NLEC”); and iii. at least one        Enhanced Combustion Structure (“ECS) compound reducing        combustion temperature and/or increasing burning velocity, said        compound having a latent heat of vaporization (LHV) equal to or        greater 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its boiling temperature, and a minimum        burning velocity (as measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40        cm/sec (“BV”), selected from the group consisting of acetic        acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, aldehydes,        anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, carboxylic acids,        carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers,        formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones,        ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane,        nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines,        amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines,        nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine,        2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids,        oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and        phenols, said compound optionally containing at least one        substituent selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy,        polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde,        carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy,        ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide,        methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof,    -   iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST

9. A method for improving combustion thermal efficiency of a fuel,comprising:

-   -   a. mixing a fuel comprised of:        -   i. at least one element other than lead or an organic or            inorganic compound containing said element, said element            being selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A,            3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and also selected from            the group co, iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus,            silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and            mixtures thereof, said element or the derivative organic or            inorganic compound being present in combustible form            (Non-Lead Element Compound “NLEC”); and        -   ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Structure (“ECS)            compound reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing            burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat of            vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol′¹ at its            boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as            measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV”),            selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetates,            acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides,            boric acids, carbonic esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates,            di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic            acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones,            ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane,            nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines,            amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers,            anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides,            xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters,            orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides,            hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound optionally            containing at least one substituent selected from al-kyl,            alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy,            aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy,            carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl,            glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or            methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, under the            proviso any mixture has an average LHV of at least 21 kJ            mol⁻¹ and a BV of at least 40 cm/sec.    -   iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST    -   b. atomizing said fuel whereby resultant particles have an        average size not exceeding 70/im (microns) are formed;    -   c. introducing said atomized fuel into an engine or combustor;        and    -   d. combusting said fuel. 10. Use of a combination of:    -   i. at least one non-leaded element or derivative organic or        inorganic compound containing said non-lead element, selected        from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B,        7B, 8, and also selected from the group co, iodine, bismuth,        germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine,        chlorine and tin and their mixture, wherein said/element or        derivative compound is in combustible form (Non-Lead Element        Compound “NLEC”); and    -   ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Structure (“ECS) compound        reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing burning        velocity, said compound having a latent heat of vaporization        (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its boiling        temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by        laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV”), selected from the        group consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols,        aldehydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic        esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters,        di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol        ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl        nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates,        amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides,        nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines,        imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates,        othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids,        peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound optionally        containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,        alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,        amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,        carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,        glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical,        and mixtures thereof, iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST    -   iv. as fuel additive to improve thermal efficiency of a fuel        combusted in an engine or combustor.

11. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said composition incombustion is characterized as having a luminous reaction zone extendingsome distance as compared to clear fuel, absent ECS compound and NLEC.

12. A fuel composition of claim 9 comprising a cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl compound and a dialkyl carbonic acid ester(dialkyl carbonate); and optionally a hydrocarbon.

13. A fuel composition of claim 12 comprising:

-   -   i. methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound; and    -   ii. dimethyl carbonate

14. The compositions of claims 1-6, and 8-13, wherein said compositioncontains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of apolyolefin, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, modified polystyrene,ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, or ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer,and mixture.

15. The compositions of 5-9 and 12-14, wherein said hydrocarbon isselected from the group consisting of: an alternative fuel, petroleumgas, liquefied petroleum gas, LPG-propane, LPG-butane, natural gas,natural gas liquids, methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, propane-butanemixture, fuel methanol, fuel methanol 85, fuel ethanol, biomass fuel,vegetable ester fuel, rap seed methyl ester fuels, soybean fatty acidester fuels, alkylate fuel, reformate fuel, isooctane fuel, paraffinicfuel, kerosine, wide range boiling fuel gas turbine fuel, gas turbinefuel No.O-GT, gas turbine fuel No.l-GT, gas turbine fuel NO.2-GT, gasturbine fuel No.S-GT, gas turbine fuel No.4-GT turbine fuel, aviationjet turbine fuels aviation jet turbine JP-4, aviation jet turbine JP-5,aviation jet turbine JP-7, aviation jet turbine JP-8, aviation jetturbine JP-9, aviation jet turbine JP-10, aviation jet turbine TS,aviation jet turbine Jet A-l, aviation jet turbine Jet A, aviation jetturbine Jet B, military aviation gasoline, missile fuel, solid andliquid rocket fuel, monopropellant, multipropellant fuel, hypergolicfuel, gas oil fuels, gas oil fuel #1, gas oil fuel #2, gas oil fuel #3,gas oil fuel #4, diesel fuel oil, diesel fuel oil Grade low sulfur No.1-D, diesel fuel oil Grade low sulfur No. 2-D, diesel fuel oil Grade No.1-D, diesel fuel oil Grade No. 2-D, diesel fuel oil Grade No 4-D, dieselfuel, oil grade Type C-B, diesel fuel oil Type T-T, diesel fuel oil TypeR-R, diesel fuel oil Type S-M, reformulated diesel fuel, low sulfurhydrotreated low aromatic distillate fuel, toluene fuels, naphtha fuels,fuel oils, fuel oil Grade 1, fuel oil Grade 2, fuel oil Grade 4 (light),fuel oil Grade 4, fuel oil Grade 5 (light), fuel oil Grade 5 (heavy),fuel oil Grade 6 fuel oil, heavy marine diesel fuel, heavy railroaddiesel fuel oil, distillate oil, distillate fuels, residual type oils,cycle oils, light cycle oils, light cycle gas oils, heavy cycle oils,heavy gas cycle oils, heating oils, vacuum oils, burner oils, furnaceoils, coal liquids, middle distillate coal fuels, powdered coals, coal,tar sand fuels, shale oil fuels, hydrazines, ammonia, acetylene, andmixtures thereof.

16. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, wherein said compositioncontains 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight,

-   -   a. optionally a rocket propellant selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbon fuels, dimethyl carbonate,        acetylene, aluminum borohydride, ammonia, aniline, benzene,        butane, butyl mercaptan, diborane, diesel, diethylenetriamine,        ethane, ethanol, ethylamine, ethylene diamihe, ethylene oxide,        ethyl nitrate, furfuryl alcohol, gasoline, heptene, hydrazine        (including substitutes), isopropyl alcohol, lithium, lithium        hydride, kerosine, naptha, napthalene, methane, methylal,        methanol, methylamine, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane,        n-octane, propane, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, salicyl        aldehyde, triethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphite, turpentine,        unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, 2,3-xylidene, lithium        borohydride, monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane, ethylene,        propylene, tertiary butylcumyl peroxide, butylene,        1,2-butadiene, 1, 3-butadiene, actetylene hydrocarbons,        allylene, butine-1, pentine-1, hexine-1; substituted        hydrazineis, including methylhydrazine, symmetrical        dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine,        hydrozides, ethane, propane, butane, diborane, tetraborane,        penta bornane, hexaborane, decaborane, aluminum borohydride,        beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium nitrate,        potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide, ammonium        perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate,        nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen,        hydrocyanic acid, monethylanile, acetylene, aluminum        borohydride, ammonia, aniline, benzene, butyl mercaptan,        diborane, dimethylamine, diethylenetriamine, ethanol,        ethylamine, ethylene diamine, ethylene oxide, ethylenediamine,        ethyl nitrate, dimethyl sulfide, furfuryl alcohol, heptene,        hydrazine, hydrogen, isoethyl nitrate, isopropyl alcohol,        lithium, lithium hydride, methyl nitrate, methylacetylene,        methylvinyl acetylene, monoethylaniline,        tetranitromethane,_nitroglycerine, n-octane, propane, propylene        oxide, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine,        trimethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphite, turpentine,        unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine,        lithium borohydride, monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane,        trimethylaluminum or dimethylberyllium and mixture    -   b. optionally an oxidizer selected from the group consisting of        liquid oxygen, nitric acid, mixed nitric acid sulfuric acid        combinations, fluorine, nitrogen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide,        hydroperoxide, potassium perchlorate, perchloryl fluoride,        bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, ON 7030, ozone,        oxygen difluoride, RFNA (at various strengths), WFNA, tet rani        tromethane, fluorine, chlorine, chlorine trifluoride, perchloryl        fluoride, nitrosyl fluoride, nitryl fluoride, N2O4, nitrogen        trifluoride, difluorine monoxide, fluorate, or chlorine oxides        and mixture.

17. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, whereupon combustionspecific impulse is not less than 200 I_(sp) Sec./250

18. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, whereupon combustionengine combustion wall temperature does not exceed the range of 1,300°F. to 2,000° F.

19. The aforementioned diesel, fuel oil, turbine oil, or aviation jetfuel compositions, wherein said composition contains a cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl (CMT) compound, and is a fuel compositioncharacterized as being a:

-   -   No. 1 (low sulfur) diesel fuel having a minimum LHV of 75        BTU/lb, a minimum cetane number of 40, a maximum of 35%. wt.        aromatic content, a maximum T-90 temperature of 288° C., a        maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum        sulfur content 0.05% mass, a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent        mass, and a minimum flash point of 38° C.;    -   No. 1 diesel fuel having a minimum cetane number of 40, a        maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a maximum T-90 temperature        of 288° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm²/S at 40°        C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, and a minimum        flash point of 38° C.;    -   A No. 1 Diesel fuel oil, wherein said composition contains 0.01%        to 53.0% oxygen by weight and is for use as a, having at least        one of the following characteristics: a cetane number of at        least 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a maximum T-90        temperature of 288° F., a maximum sulfur content 0.5% mass, a        minimum kinematic viscosity of 1.3 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum        kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum ash        content of 0.01 percent mass, a minimum flash point of 38° C.,        an API gravity of 40 to 44; A #1 diesel fuel composition        containing 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and characterized as        having: a cetane number of at least 40, a maximum of 35% wt.        aromatic content, a maximum T-90 temperature of 288° F., a        maximum sulfur content 0.5% mass, a minimum kinematic viscosity        of 1.3 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4        mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, a        minimum flash point of 38° C., an API gravity of 40 to 44;    -   No. 2 (low sulfur) diesel fuel having a maximum T-90 temperature        of 338° C., a minimum cetane number of 40, a maximum of 35% wt.        aromatic content, a maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.05%        mass, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm²/S at 40° C., a        maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, and a minimum flash        point of 52° C.;    -   No. 2 diesel fuel having a maximum T-90 temperature of 338° C.,        a minimum cetane number of 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aromatic        content, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm²/S at 40° C., a        maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, and a minimum flash        point of 52° C.;    -   No. 4 diesel fuel having a cetane number of at least 30, a        maximum sulfur content not exceeding 2.0%, a maximum kinematic        viscosity of 24.0 mm²/S at 40° C. (55° C.), a maximum ash        content of 0.10 percent mass, and a minimum flash point of 55°        C.;    -   A diesel oil having a viscosity ranging from about 10 to 500′        centistokes at 50° C., and a sulfur concentration ranging from        0.01 to 3.0% mass;    -   A heavy diesel, locomotive or marine fuel composition (meeting        ISO DIS 8217 or BS MA 100 standards) having a sulfur        concentration of 0.01 to 3.0% mass and a viscosity of 10 to 500        centistokes at 50° C.;    -   A biodiesel composition containing methyl esters having a        maximum sulfur content of 0.05 percent mass;    -   No. 0-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90        temperature of 288° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.1        mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.5%        mass, a maximum ash content of 0.01% mass, and a minimum flash        point of 38° C.;    -   No. 1-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90        temperature 288° C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding        0.5%, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm²/S at 40° C., a        maximum ash content of 0.01% mass, a minimum flash point of 38°        C., a maximum pour point temperature of −18° C., an a maximum        density of 850 kg/m³ at 15° C.;    -   No. 2-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90        temperature 338° C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding        0.5%, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm²/S at 40° C., a        maximum ash content of 0.01% mass, a minimum flash point of 38°        C., a maximum pour point temperature of −6° C., and a maximum        density of 876 kg/m at 15° C.;    -   No. 3-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a minimum kinematic        viscosity 5.5 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of        50.0′ mm²/S at 100° C., a maximum ash content of 0.03% mass, and        a minimum flash point of 65° C.;    -   No. 4-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a minimum kinematic        viscosity 5.5 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of        50.0 mm²/S at 100° C., a minimum flash point of 66° C.;    -   No. 1 fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90 temperature of        288° C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.5%, a maximum        kinematic viscosity of 2.1 mm²/S at 40° C. for No. 1, a minimum        flash point of 38° C., a maximum pour point temperature of −18°        C., and a maximum density of 850 kg/m³ at 15° C.;    -   No. 2 fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90 temperature        338° C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.5%, a maximum        kinematic viscosity 3.4 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum pour point        temperature of −6° C., a maximum density of 876 kg/m³ at 15° C.,        and a minimum flash point of 38° C.;    -   No. 4′ (light) fuel oil composition having a maximum kinematic        viscosity 5.5 mm²/S at 40° C.; a maximum ash content of 0.05        percent mass, a maximum pour point temperature of −6° C., a        minimum density of 876 kg/m³ at 15° C., and a minimum flash        point of 38° C.;    -   No. 4 fuel oil composition having a minimum kinematic viscosity        5.5 mm²/S at 40° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity 24 mm²/S at        40° C., a maximum ash content of 0.10 percent mass, a maximum        pour point temperature of −6° C., and a minimum flash point of        55° C.;    -   No. 5 (light) fuel oil composition having a minimum kinematic        viscosity 5.0 mm³/S at 100° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity        8.9 mm³/S at 100° C., a maximum ash content of 0.15 percent        mass, and a minimum flash point of 55° C.;    -   No. 5 (heavy) fuel oil composition having a kinematic viscosity        9.0 mm³/S at 100° C., a maximum kinematic viscosity 14.9 mm³/S        at 100° C., a maximum ash content of 0.15 percent mass, and a        minimum flash point of 55° C.;    -   No. 6 fuel oil composition;    -   An aviation turbine composition having a maximum aromatic        content of 25% vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of 0.003 weight        %, a maximum total sulfur content of 0.3 weight %, a maximum        T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205° C., a maximum        final boiling temperature of 300° C., a minimum flash point        temperature of 38° C., a density ranging from 775 to 840 kg/m @        15° C., a freezing point temperature no warmer than −40° C., and        a maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm²/S;    -   An aviation turbine composition having a maximum T-20        distillation fraction temperature of 145° C., a maximum T-90        temperature of 245° C., a density ranging from 751 to 8.02 kg/m²        @ 15° C., maximum vapor pressure of 21 kPa @ 38° Ci, and a        freezing point temperature no warmer than −50° C.;    -   An aviation turbine composition having a maximum total sulfur        content of 0.3 wt %, a maximum T-50 distillation fraction        temperature of 232° C., a maximum end point temperature of 300°        C., a specific gravity of 57 API, a maximum viscosity of 15.0 Cs        @ −34.4° C., and a freezing point temperature no warmer than        −50° C.;    -   An aviation turbine composition having a maximum aromatic        content of 25% vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of 0.003 weight        %, a maximum total sulfur content of 0.3 weight %, a maximum        T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205° C., a maximum        final boiling temperature of 300° C., a minimum flash.point        temperature of 38° C., a density ranging from 775 to 840 kg/m @        15° C., a freezing point temperature no warmer than −40° C., a        maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm²/s;

An aviation turbine composition having a maximum aromatic content of 25%vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of 0.002 weight %, a maximum totalsulfur content of 0.3 weight %, maximum olefin content of 5.0% vol., amaximum T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205° C., a maximumfinal boiling temperature of 330° C., a minimum flash point temperatureof 38° C., API gravity 37-51, a density ranging from 775 to 840 kg/m² @15° C., a freezing point temperature no warmer than −40° C., a maximumviscosity of 8.0 mm²/s, and maximum acidity of 0.015 mg KOH;

20. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said fuel is an aviationgasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT)compound, wherein said fuel is characterized as being a fuel selectedfrom the group consisting of:

-   -   a. An aviation turbine fuel composition containing 0.01% to        53.0% oxygen by weight and characterized as having: a maximum        aromatic content of 22% vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of        0.003 weight %, a maximum total sulfur content of 0.3 weight %,        a maximum T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205° C., a        maximum final boiling temperature of 300° C., a minimum flash        point temperature of 38° C., a density ranging from 775 to 840        kg/m² @ 15° C., a freezing point temperature no warmer than −40°        C., a maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm/s;    -   b. An aviation gasoline composition containing 0.001 to 10.0        oxygen weight percent supplied by an ECS oxygenate selected from        the group consisting of methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl        tertiary butyl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether,        methyl,tertiary amyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dimethyl        carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and mixture; the cyclopentadienyl        manganese tricarbonyl compound in concentration of 0.001 to 1.0        Mn/gal, wherein said fuel has a maximum 10% evaporated point of        167° F., a maximum 90% evaporated point of 275° F., a minimum        Reid vapor pressure of 5.5 psi, and a maximum Reid vapor        pressure of 7.0 psi, a maximum freezing point of −76° F., and a        maximum sulfur concentration of 0.05 percent weight    -   c. An aviation gasoline composition having a minimum combined        10%+50% evaporated temperature of 307° F., a minimum lean octane        number of 100, and a minimum heating value of 18, 700 Btu/lb;

21. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said fuel is an automotivegasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT)compound, wherein said fuel is:

-   -   a. An automotive gasoline composition having a maximum sulfur        concentration of 300 ppm, a maximum aromatic concentration of        25% volume, a maximum olefin concentration (excluding C4-C5        olefins) of 10% volume, a maximum benzene concentration of 1.0%,        a maximum T 90 temperature of 330° F., a minimumT-50 temperature        of 175° F., a minimum octane (R+M)/2 number of 84, at least one        deposit control additive selected from the group consisting of        combustion chamber deposit control additives, port fuel injector        additives, intake valve control additives;    -   b. An unleaded, phosphorus free gasoline composition fuels        having a max RVP of 8.0, psi, a max of 8.0%, 20-25% vol.        aromatics, a max of 1.0% benzene, 40-300 ppm sulfur, an 02        concentration ranging up to 3.5% 02 by weight, a max T-90        temperature of 300° F. to 320° F., a T-50 temperature of 170° F.        to 220° F.; a minimum latent heat of vaporization of 900 BTU/gal        @ 60° F., a minimum heating value of 106,000 BTU/gal @ 60° F.,        and a minimum average laminar burning velocity at ambient        conditions of 48 cm/sec;    -   c. Automotive gasoline composition having a maximum T-90        distillation fraction temperature of 350° F., and a minimum T-50        distillation fraction of 150° F.;    -   d. An automotive gasoline, wherein said composition contains        0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and having at least one of the        following characteristics: a LHV of at least 860 BTU/gal, a        laminar BStf at least 45 cm/sec; and said fuel having at least        one of_the following: a sulfur content ranging from 0 to 300        ppm, a maximum polynuclear free aromatic concentration of 0% to        25% volume, a maximum olefin concentration (excluding C4-C5        olefins) of 10% volume, a maximum benzene concentration of 1.0%,        a maximum T 90 temperature of 330° F., a minimumT-50 temperature        of 175° F., a minimum octane (R+M)/2 number of 87, a deposit        control additive selected from the group consisting of        combustion chamber deposit control additives, port fuel injector        additives, intake valve control additives, and mixture;    -   e. A automotive gasoline composition containing 0.01% to 53.0%        oxygen by weight and characterized as having: a LHV of at least        860 BTU/gal, a laminar BV of at least 45 cm/sec; and said fuel        having at least one of the following: a sulfur content ranging        from 0 to 300 ppm, a maximum polynuclear free aromatic        concentration of 0% to 25% volume, a maximum olefin        concentration (excluding C4-C5 olefins) of 10% volume, a maximum        benzene concentration of 1.0%, a maximum T 90 temperature of        330° F., a minimumT-50 temperature of 175° F., a minimum octane        (R+M)/2 number of 87, a deposit control additive selected from        the group consisting of combustion chamber deposit control        additives, port fuel injector additives, intake valve control        additives, and mixture.

22. The aforementioned aviation gasoline compositions, wherein themaximum end boiling point is 156° C. (313° F.).

23. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions, wherein themaximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 149° C. (300° F.).

24. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions, wherein themaximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 143° C. (290° F.).

25. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions, wherein themaximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 138° C. (280° F.).

26. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions, wherein themaximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 132° C. (270° F.).

27. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the minimum T-50distillation temperature is 175° F.

28. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the minimum T-50distillation temperature is 180° F.

29. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the maximum T-50distillation temperature is 220° F.

30. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the maximum T-50distillation temperature is 210° F.

31. The aforementioned #1 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and jet turbinefuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fractiontemperature is 282° C.;

32. The aforementioned #1 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and jet turbinefuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fractiontemperature is 273° C.;

33. The aforementioned #2 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and jet turbinefuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fractiontemperature is 294° C.

34. The aforementioned #2 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and jet turbinefuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fractiontemperature is 285° C.

35. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum LHV of 860 BTU/gallon @ 60° F.

36. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum LHV of 880 BTU/gallon @ 60° F.

37. The aforementioned automobile and aviation, gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum. LHV of 900 BTU/gallon @ 60° F.

38. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum LHV of 905 BTU/gallon @ 60° F.

39. The aforementioned diesel, gas turbine oil, fuel oil, aviation fueloil compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 75 Btu/lb.

40. The aforementioned diesel, gas turbine oil, fuel oil, aviation fueloil compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 100 Btu/lb.

41. The aforementioned aviation gasoline compositions, wherein theminimum LHV is 140 Btu/lb.

42. The aforementioned aviation gasoline and automobile gasolinecompositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 150 BtuAb.

43. The aforementioned aviation and automobile gasoline compositions,wherein the minimum LHV is 160 Btu/lb.

44. The aforementioned aviation and automobile gasoline compositions,wherein the minimum LHV is 170 Btu/lb.

45. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said composition contains acompound selected from the group consisting a peroxide, di-tertiarybutyl peroxide, 2.5 dimethyl 2.5 di(tertiary butyl peroxy) hexane,tertiary butylcumyl peroxide, di(tertiaryamyl) peroxide), an alkylperoxide, an alkyl hydroperoxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, tertiaryamyl hydroperoxide, an alkyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl nitrate, iso-propylnitrate, nitrobenzene, aniline, amine, imide, and mixtures thereof.

46. The aforementioned compositions containing a metal deactivator,optionally selected from the group consisting ofN,N¹-disalicylidene-l,2-propane diamine, NjN¹-disalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine or N,N¹-disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine.

47. The forementioned compositions containing least one engine,carburetor, induction, injection system cleaning or deposit controladditive, detergent or dispersant, optionally selected selected from thegroup consisting of a polyether amine, polyether amide amines,polyalkenyl succinimide, or polyalkenyl succinimide, hydrocarbylcarbonates, polybutene alcohol, polybutene chloroformate, polybuteneamines formulated in mineral or other carriers, polyisobutylene aminereformulated in polyether carriers, one-component polyether amines,polyether amines, polyalkenyl amines, alkenyl succinimides, long-chaindibasic acid derivative, long-chain aliphatic polyamines or long chainMannich bases, and mixture

48. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said composition containsat least one detergent, ashless detergent, alkenyl succinic acid ester,alkenyl succinimide of an amine, methlyamine, 2-ethylhexylamine,n-dodecylamine, polyether amine, polyalkenyl amine, alkenyl succinimide,polyether amide amine, antioxidant, demulsifer, emulsifer, corrosioninhibitor, aromatic solvent, scavenger, rust inhibitors, surfactants,supplemental valve, valve seal recession protectants, diluent oil,mutual solvent, or metal deactivator, and mixture.

49. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said composition containsan antioxidant, optionally selected from the group consisting alkylphenol,aromatic diamines with sterially hindered phenolic and aminegroups, 2,6 di-tert-butylephenol; 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylephenol;4-methyl-2,6 di-tert-butylephenol; 2-tert-butylphenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, phenylenediamines, mixtures of tertiarybutylated phenols, aromatic amines, N,N-diisopropylparaphenylenediamine, seventy-five percent minimum 2,6-di-tertiary-butyl phenol plus25% maximum tertiary and tritertiary butyl phenols, seventy-two percentminimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus 28% maximum monomethyland dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols, fifty-five percent minimum2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus 45% maximum mixed tertiary andditertiary butyl phenols, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 75 percentmin-2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol 25 percent max tert-butylphenols andtri-tertbutylphenols, 72 percent min 6-tert-butyl-2, 4-dimethylphenol 28percent max tert-butyl-methylphenols and tert-butyl-dimethylphenols, 55percent min 6-tert-butyl-2, 4-dimethylphenol 45 percent max mixture oftert-butylphenols and ditert-butylphenols, 60 to 80 percent2,6-dialkyphenols 20 to 40 percent mixture of 2,3,6-trialkylphenols and2,4,6-trialkylphenols, 35 percent min 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol65 percent max mixture of methyl-, ethyl-, anddimethyl-tert-butylphenols, 60 percent min 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 40percent max mixture of tert butylphenols, 30 percent min mixture of2,3,6-trimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol 70 percent max mixtureof dimethylphenols, 55 percent min butylated ethylphenols 45 percent maxbutylated methyl- and dimethylphenols, 45 percent mix4,6-di-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol, or 40 percent min mixture of6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol 15 percent max mixture of other butylatedphenols, and mixture.

50. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said composition containsan inhibitor, optionally selected from the group consisting of: 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol, 2, 6-detertiary-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2, 6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, 75% 2, 6-ditertiary-butyl phenol,10-15% 2, 4, 6-tritertiary-butyl phenol, 10-15% orthy-tertiary butylphenol, 72% min 2, .4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol, 28% max.monemethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl. phenol, 60% min 2,4-ditertiary-butyl phenol, 40% max, mixed, or tertiary-butyl phenol andmixture.

51. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen burner flame velocityof 46 cm/sec at ambient, conditions benchmark of methanol at 57.2cm/sec).

52. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen burner flame velocityof 48 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2cm/sec).

53. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen burner flame velocityof 50 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2cm/sec).

54. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as. having a minimum laminar Bunsen burner flame velocityof 55 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2cm/sec).

55. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen burner flame velocityof 60 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2cm/sec).

56. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline compositionscharacterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen burner flame velocityof 70 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2cm/sec).

57. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, wherein said contain anantiknock quantity of an agent selected from the group consisting ofcyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, n-methyl aniline, 2.4 pentanedione,arid mixture.

b 58. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said ECS compound isselected from the group consisting C2-C12 aldehydes, C2-C12 ethers,diethers, Cl-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, G3-C15 ketones, C3-CIS esters,C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, glycols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C4-C20carbonates, C5-C25 dicarbonates, organic/inorganicperoxides/hydroperoxides, nitrates, di-nitrates, alkylnitrates,anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, amides, nitrosyls, imides,monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine,monoethylaniline, nitromethane, nitropropane, nitroglycerine, n-propylnitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines,dimethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetricaldimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine,2,3-xylidine,ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid,ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogendioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, and mixture.

59. The rocket fuel composition containing a compound selected from thegroup consisting of hexine-1; substituted hydrazines, includingmethylhydrazine, symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetricaldimethylhydrazine, hydrazine, acyl hydrazine (hydrozides); ethane,propane, butane, diborane, tetraborane, penta.bornane, hexaborane,decaborane, aluminum borohydride, beryllium borohydride, lithiumborohydride, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammoniumazide, ammonium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate,nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen,hydrocyanic acid, monethylanile, acetylene, aluminum borohydride,ammonia, aniline, benzene, butyl mercaptan, diborane, dimethylamine,diethylenetriamine, ethanol, ethylamine, ethylene diamine, ethyleneoxide, ethylenediamine, ethyl nitrate, dimethyl sulfide, furfurylalcohol, heptene, hydrazine, hydrogen, isoethyl nitrate, isopropylalcohol, lithium, lithium hydride, methane, methylal, methanol, methylnitrate, methylamine, methylacetylene, methylvinyl acetylene,monoethylaniline, tetranitromethane nitromethane, nitropropane,nitroglycerine, n-octane, propane, propylene oxide, n-propyl nitrate,o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphite,turpentine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine,lithium borohydride, monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane, monethylanile,ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline,nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine,trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine,methylhydrazine, symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetricaldimethylhydrazine,tetranitromethane, hydrozide, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine,ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide,ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoicacid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, OHC(CH2)4CHO; CH3CHOHCHOHCH3;(CH3)3CCHOHCH3; CH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH3; (CH3)2COOH; CH3CCCOH;(CH3)3CCH2COH; HOCH2CH2OCH2CH20H; HOCH2CH2OH; OCH2CHCHO; (CH3)3CCHO;(CH3)3CCH(OH)CH3; C5H4O2; HO2CCH2CH2C02C2H5; C3H7COCO2H; C5H802, andothers.

60. The aforementioned compositions containing a glycol, or a glycolether selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol monomethyl,diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether,diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether,diethylene glycol dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether,[including] diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycolmonoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycoldimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, glycol monomethylether, glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether,diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether,C3[5]-C20 glycol ethers (including ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers(ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), diethylene glycol monoalkyl ethersdiethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, including, diethylene glycol dimethylether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dipropylether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, [including] diethylene glycolmonomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycolmonobutyl ether), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycoldimethyl ether (or diethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethers of ethyleneglycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or diethylene glycol monomethyletherEthylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, (EGME), 1-Ethylene glycolmonomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycoldimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, methylene di methylether (also known as methylal, dimethoxy methane, ethylene glycol andmixture.

61. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum average boiling temperatures of no less than 32° C. (90° F.).

62. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum average boiling temperatures of no less than 32° C. (90° F.).

63. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound isOHC(CH2)4CHO; CH3CHOHCHOHCH3; (CH3)3CCHOHCH3; CH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH3;(CH3)2COOH; CH3CCCOH; (CH3)3CCH2COH; HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH; HOCH2CH2OH;OCH2CHCHO; (CH3)3CCHO; (CH3)3CCH(OH)CH3; C5H4O2; HO2CCH2CH2CO2C2H5;C3H7COC02H; C5H8O2,

64. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has one ormore radical (s) selected from group consisting of OO, CO, F, F2, F3, N,B, Be, BO, B2, BF, AL ALO, CH3, NH3, CH, C2H2, C2H5, Li, ONH, NH, NH2,OCH₃, OC2H5, OCH, OCH₂/OH, Cl, OCOO, COOH, C2H500C, CH3CO, OCH20, OCHCO,or CONH2, and combination.

65. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum enthalpy of vaporization (at it evaporation pgint) of 24 jKmole⁻¹

66. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum enthalpy of vaporization of 28 jK mole⁻¹

67. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum enthalpy of vaporization of 30 jK mole″¹

68. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum enthalpy of vaporization of 32 jK mole⁻¹

69. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of45 cm/sec

70. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of48 cm/sec

71. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of55 cm/sec.

72. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has aminimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of57 cm/sec

73. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound is selectedfrom carbon monoxide, methylene di methyl ether, methylene di ethylether, methylene di propyl ether, methylene di butyl ether, methylene diisopropyl ether, methane hydrate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate,dipropyl carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate, glycol, and glycol ethers.

74. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound is selectedfrom C3 to Cll dialkyl carbonates, C2-C8 ethers, dual ormultiple-linkage ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, peroxides,hydroperoxides, and mixture.

75. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound is selectedfrom dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether,ethyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether, methyl tertiaryamyl ether, and diisopropyl ether.

76. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound is selectedfrom acid dimethyl ester (dimethyl carbonate), carbonic acid diethylester (diethylcarbonate) and mixture.

77. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound is selectedfrom of methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tertiary butanol, iso-butanol,and mixture thereof.

78. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound is selectedfrom group consisting of amines, amides, nitrates, di-nitrates, or nitroethers, and mixture,

79. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions where the ECScompound is ethanol.

80. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions where the ECScompound is methanol.

81. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions where the ECScompound is MTBE.

82. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions where the ECScompound is methylal.

83. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions where the ECScompound is di-tertiary butyl peroxide.

84. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesoxygen in the range from 0.001 to 50.0 percent by weight of thecomposition.

85. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesgreater than 1.0% 02 by weight to the composition.

86. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesleast 1.5% O2 by weight to the composition.

87. The aforementioned gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, gas turbine oil, jetaviation turbine compositions, where said ECS compound contributesgreater than 1.5% 02 by weight to the composition.

88. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesgreater than 1.5% 02 by weight to the composition.

89. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesleast 2.0% O2 by weight to the composition.

90. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesleast 2.5% O2 by weight to the composition.

91. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesleast 3.5% O2 by weight to the composition.

92. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributesleast 4.5% O2 by weight to the composition.

93. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound contributes0.01% to 53.0% 02 by weight to the composition.

94. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcombustible compound containing said element is selected from the groupconsisting of Li, Be, B, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti,V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc,Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Ti, Fr,Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Unq, Unp,Unh, Uns elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements, and mixturesthereof, wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound beingpresent in combustible form;

95. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element or orcombustible compound containing said element is selected from the groupconsisting of Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti,V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc,Ru,Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg,Ti, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr,Unq, Unp, Unh, Uns elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements, andmixtures thereof, wherein said element or its organic or inorganiccompound being present in combustible form.

96. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected from the group consistingof Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn,Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, and mixture thereof, wherein saidelement or its organic or inorganic compound being present incombustible form.

97. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected from the group consistingof Li, B, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and mixturethereof, wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound beingpresent in combustible form.

98. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected from the group consistingof Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S; Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn,Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd,Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs and mixture thereof, wherein said element or itsorganic or inorganic compound being present in combustible form.

99. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected Be, F, Si, P, Cl, Ca, Sc,Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru,Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, elements of the Periodic Chart ofElements, and mixtures thereof, wherein said element or its organic orinorganic compound being present in combustible form;

100. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected from the group consistingelements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 8 (CAS version),and iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur,fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, wherein said element orits organic or inorganic compound being present in combustible form;

101. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected from the group consistingof phosphorous, magnesium, manganese, silicon, iron, aluminum, or boronand mixture, wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compoundbeing present in combustible form.

102. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected from the group consistingof lithium, sodium, potapsium, rhubidium, or, cesium and mixture,wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound being presentin combustible form.

103. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element orcompound containing said element is selected from the group consistingof potassium, Silicon, manganese and mixture, wherein said element orits organic or inorganic compound being present in combustible form.

104. The aforementioned compositions containing Mn and wherein saidcomposition additionally contains a non-lead element or compoundcontaining said element selected from the group of elements of groups1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth,germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine/chlorine ortin and mixture thereof, wherein said element or its organic orinorganic compound being present in combustible form.

105. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead element iscontained in compound containing one or more alkyl, dialkyl, aryl,amide, alkenyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aldehyde,carbethoxy, carbornethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ether,acetate, ketonic, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyoxylyl, methoxy,methylenedioxy, glycolyl, hydroxyl, amide, nitrosyl, alkyloxy,cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, alkenyloxyl, aralkyloxyl, aralkenyloxyl,radicals or groups, or combination.

106. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said composition containsan aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryloxynitrate.

107. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said composition containtetranitromethane, nitromethane, nitroethane, or nitropropane andmixture.

108. The aforementioned compositions wherein said compound containingsaid non-lead element is silicon

109. The aforementioned compositions wherein said compound containingsaid non-lead element is potassium

110. The aforementioned compositions wherein said compound containingsaid non-lead element is manganese.

111. The aforementioned compositions wherein said non-lead derivative isselected from the group consisting of cyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl, trimethylaluminum, pentaborane, decaborane, borazole,aluminimum borohydride, beryllium borohydride, dimethlylberyllium, orlithium borohydride, and mixtures.

112. The aforementioned compositions wherein said cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.

113. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded element'soxide's heat of formation is negative and equal to or greater than−150,000 gr calories/mole.

114. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded element orderivative compound thereof has a minimum heating value of 5,000Kcal/kg.

115. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded element orderivative compound thereof has a minimum heating value of 7,000Kcal/kg.

116. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded element orderivative compound thereof has a minimum heating value of 9,000Kcal/kg,

117. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded element iscontained in an organic or inorganic derivative compound.

118. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said compoundcontaining nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonylcompound having a concentration amount greater than 0.008256 ({fraction(1/32)} gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.

119. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said organiccompound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount no less than0.016512 ({fraction (1/16)} gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.

120. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said organiccompound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount at least 0.033(⅛ gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.

121. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said organiccompound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount at least 0.066(¼ gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.

122. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said organiccompound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount of 0.099 (⅜gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.

123. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said organiccompound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl compound representing a concentration is at least 0.132 (½gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.

124. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said organiccompound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl compound representing a concentration is at least 0.165 (⅝gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.

125. The aforementioned fuel compositions, wherein said non-lead metalor element represents no greater 10 grams of element per gallon of thecomposition.

126. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of4,000 ppm.

127. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of3,000 ppm.

128. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of1,000 ppm.

129. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of500 ppm.

130. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of100 ppm.

131. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of50 ppm.

132. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of30 ppm.

133. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur content of10 ppm.

134. The aforementioned compositions having a, maximum aromaticconcentration selected/from 35% volume.

135. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum aromaticconcentration selected from 30% volume.

136. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum aromaticconcentration selected from 22% volume.

137. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum aromaticconcentration selected from 20% volume.

138. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum aromaticconcentration selected from 15% volume.

139. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said hydrocarbons arealkylated hydrocarbons.

140. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said hydrocarbons areselected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, m-xylene,ethylbenzene, o-xylene, isoproplybenzene, n-propybenzene, and mixture.

141. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said hydrocarbons areolefins selected from the group consisting of 2-methyl-2-butene, 2methyl-1 butene, 1 pentene, and mixture.

142. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said hydrocarbons arebranch chained or a condensed ring group hydrocarbons.

143. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said hydrocarbons arebranch chain iso-paraffins, optionally selected from cyclopentane,n-pentane, 2, 3 dimethylbutane, isohexane, 3-methylpentane.

144. The aforementioned compositions, whereby resultant engine-outcombustion gas temperature is reduced and fuel economy increasedcompared to fuel, absent said ECS compound.

145. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said compositions containa nitrogen based compound selected from amines, anilines, amides,hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitrates, dinitrate compounds alkylnitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrat.es, amines,anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines,nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, amides, nitrdsyls, imides,monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine,monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine,triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine,monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetrical dimethylhydrazine,unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia,ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide,ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoicacid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, and mixture.

146. The composition of claim 131, wherein said compound is an organicderivative.

147. The composition of claim 131, wherein said compound is an alkyl oraryl derivative.

148. The composition of claim 131, wherein said organic nitrate is analkyl nitrate, optionally selected from the group consisting of methylnitrate, ethyl nitrate, isoethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, iso-propylnitrate, ethyl-hexyl nitrate and mixture.

149. The aforementioned composition containing additional sulfuradditive.

150. The aforementioned method of claim 9, wherein average atomizedparticle size is 1 to 70 um (microns).

151. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average atomized particlesize is no greater than 60 um (microns).

152. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average atomized particlesize is no greater than 50 um (microns).

153. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average atomized particlesize is no greater than 40 um (microns).

154. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average atomized particlesize is no greater than 30 um (microns).

155. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average atomized particlesize is no great.er than 20 um (microns).

156. The aforementioned method claims, wherein,average atomized particlesize is no greater than 10 um (microns).

157. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average atomized particlesize is no greater than 5 um (microns)

158. The/aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized particle isintroduced by direct injection means.

159. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized particle isintroduced by turbo-charged means.

160. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized particle isintroduced by direct injection stratified charge means.

161. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized particle orvapor is introduced by a swirl means.

162. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized particle isinjected under a pressure of 3 to 15 psi.

163. The aforementioned method claims, wherein the atomized particle isinjected under a pressurelS to 45 psi.

164. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said composition isgasoline and the atomized particle is injected under pressure 1500 psito 30,000 psi

165. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized particle isintroduced into an engine, combustor, or burner selected from groupconsisting of swirl combustors, spherical combustors, rocket engine,Brayton cycle engine, gas oil turbine, aviation jet turbine, dieselengine, marine engine, locomotive engine, aviation gas engine,automotive engine, oil burner, reside burner, oil furnace, oil burner,gas burner, gas furnace, internal compression engine, spark-ignitedinternal combustion engine, lean burn, fast burn, external combustionStirling or Rankine engine, Otto cycle engine, lean burn engine, orcatalyst system engine.

166. The aforementioned method claim wherein said combustor, engine orburner is operated lean.

167. The aforementioned method, wherein said combustion occurs in aturbine engine and wherein inlet gas temperature does not exceeding 650°C.

168. The aforementioned method, wherein said mixture contains at leastone compound selected from the group consisting of a polyolefinjpolyacrylate, polymethacrylate, modified polystyrene, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, or ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer, and mixture.

169. The aforementioned method, whereby resultant engine-out combustiongas temperature is reduced and fuel economy increased compared to fuel,absent said ECS compound.

170. The aforementioned method, wherein in combustion said method ischaracterized as resulting in a luminous reaction zone extendingdistance from the surface of said non-lead element or derivativecompound.

171. The aforementioned method, wherein in combustion said method ischaracterized as resulting in the formation of oxides of said non-leadelement or derivative compound in the submicron range.

172. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST compoundwherein said mixture is introduced into the engine of a Tier II vehicle(gasoline or diesel), where by polymerization occurs at a temperatureexceeding 100/125/140/150/160/165/170/175/180° C.

173. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST compoundwherein said mixture is introduced into the engine of a Tier II vehicle(gasoline or diesel) with contrations of sulfur exceeding30/50/100/150/200/250/300/350/400 ppm, whereby catalyst or aftertreatement emission systems are not adversely effected or disabled.

174. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST compoundwherein said mixture is introduced into the engine of a Tier II vehicle(gasoline or diesel) whereby fuel economy is improved at least2/5/8/10/15/20% above clear fuels absent ECS, COMBUSTION CATALYST andoptionally NLEC components.

175. The aforementioned use, wherein:

-   -   a. the ECS oxygenate is selected from the group consisting of        carbon monoxide, methylene dimethyl ether, carbonic acid        dimethyl ester, carbonic acid diethyl ester, dimethyl ether,        diisopropyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary        butyl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl        ether, methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tertiary butanol,        iso-butanol, and mixture thereof,    -   b. in an unleaded hydrocarbon base containing a cyclopentadienyl        manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) compound    -   c. to improve fuel economy of an internal combustion engine.

176. The aforementioned use, wherein the oxgenate concentration is noless than 1.5% weight percent.

177. The aforementioned method claims and compositions characterized incombustion as having a luminous reaction zone.

1. A carboneous fuel containing triemethoxymethylsilane.
 2. A carboneousfuel containing a combustion catalyst,selected from the group oftriemethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosp hite, ethoxytrimethylsilane,isobutyltriethoxy-silane, tetramethylsilane,dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2-butyldenamino-oxy)silane, tetraalkyloxysilanes,tetramethoxysilane, tetiraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilarie, a dialkylphosphites,dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites,trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphit<$,triisopropylphosphite, tributyl-phosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate,diethylmethyl-phos-phonate, P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-orthoacetate,trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylortho-formate,aIkyloxymethanes, tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane,tetraethoxymethane, tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,tetratert-butoxy-methane, potassium pryophosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimethylorthobutyrate,triethylortho-butyrate, trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,dimethoxymethane, diethoxyethane, tetramethoxymethane,triethoxymethylmethane, tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane,trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacial acetic acid,acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, ethyl ester (acetyloxy)acetic acid; aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid hydrazide,ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyaceticacid, methoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of aceticacid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy ethyl ester of aceticacid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, oxoacetic acid, analkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid, methylesterhydro-xyacetic acid,ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid, propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkylacetates, methyl ester acetic acid, ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite,methyl ester of butanic acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid,2-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester ofbutanic acid, 2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate,dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate,tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine oxide,triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic acid, dimethylphosphinic acid,ethyl diethylphosphinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl esterphosphonic acid, (1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethylester phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethylesterphosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methylmonoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester phosphonic acid,methyl-O, 0-dimetnylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phosphoricacid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate,ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, triethyl esterester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, 0, O, 0,′-triethyl esterphosphorothioic acid, diethylester phosphorous acid, dimethylesterphosphorous acid, tributyl ester phosphorous acid, triphenyl esterphosphorous acid, O,O,S-tiethyl ester phosphorodithioic acid,2-methyl-1,2,propanediol, 2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3,-propanediol,2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2,propanediol,1,1′,1″,1′″-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetrakis propane, methylpropyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethyl propylether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether,1,1′-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis[2-methyl-propane,1-(1-methylethoxy)-propane, 2,2′,2″-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)]tris propane,1,1′,1″-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris[2-methyl propane, 2-methyl-1-nitropropane, 2-methyl-2-nitro propane, hydracrylonitrile,1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-triethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2-pyrrolidinone, phenol, and mixture.3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the combustion catalyst isselected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,dimethpxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, di-methoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane,tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane,tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite,trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethyl-methylphosphonate,diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium pryo-phosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, tri-methylorthobutyrate,triethylorthobutyrate, tri-methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,including homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixturethereof.
 4. The composition of claim.3, wherein the catalyst is selectedfrom group consisting of. trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite,diethyphosphite, tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane,trimethoxymethylmethane, triethbxymethylmethane, methoxy methyl ester ofacetic acid, tetranitromethane, and mixture.
 5. The composition of claim2, wherein said carboneous fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 2, wherein said carboneous fuel is an EnhancedCombustion Structure (“ECS) compound having a latent heat ofvaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol⁻¹ at its boilingtemperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by laminarBunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV”), C2-C12 aldehydes, aldehydic acids,C2-C12 ethers, ether acids, C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12oxides, C3-CIS ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters, alkyl formates,acetates, diacetates, butyrates, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, glycol ethers, C3-C20alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 asymmetricalalkyl/dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic andinorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates,di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids, C3 to C8 hyrodoxyesters of acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides.,acetates, acetyls, methyl esters, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers,aldehydic acids, anhydrides, carbonic esters, carboxylic acids, esters,di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, hydroxyacids, ketones,ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl/cyclo/cycloalkyl/aryl nitrates,nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines,amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, methylamines, xylidine,2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids, oxides,oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, saidcompound optionally containing at least one substituent selected fromalkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, car borne thoxy, carbonyl,carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl,hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy, nitrosyl radical, andmixtures thereof.
 7. The composition of claim 7, wherein said ECSoxygenate is selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary butylethers, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary methyl amyl ether, tertiarymethyl ethyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether, dimethyl ether, DIPE,methyl ester, C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl¹carbonate, methylal, ethylal, and mixture.
 8. The composition of claim2, wherein said fuel contains at least one ribn-leaded element orderivative organic or inorganic compound (NLEC”) containing saidnon-lead element, selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B,5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the PeriodicChart of Elements (CAS version), and mixture, wherein said element orderivative compound, is combustible and optionally has a minimum heatingvalue of 4,000 Kcal/kg.
 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said NLECis a combustible element or compound containing at least one elementselected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth,beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium,germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese,molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium,sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium,barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium,titanium, zirconium, hafium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum,neodyium, uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium,ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium,curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold, dysprosium,californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, erbium, thulium,arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium, polonium, lutetium,astatine, mixture thereof, including organic and inorganic derivatives.10. The fuel composition containing an ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE,ETBE, DMC, DEC, methylal, ethylal, methanol, ethanol, or mixture, and acompound selected from[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl] triethoxysilane,cyclohexenyl, dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,N-l-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol,octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane,allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane,tetrabutylsilane, etc.), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,diphenyl-silanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene,potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassiumisopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassiumtert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassiumphenoxide, potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate,potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid,potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassiumbenzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoicacid), potassium acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassiumtrimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acidpotassium salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate,potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III),potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt,potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.
 11. A composition comprisingMMT and a compound selected from the group consisting oftriemethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite, ethoxytrimethylsilane,isobutyltriethoxy-silane, tetramethylsilane,dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2-butyldenamino-oxy)silane, tetraalkyloxysilanes,tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, a dialkylphosphites,dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites,trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributyl-phosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate,diethylmethyl-phos-phonate, P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-orthoacetate,trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylortho-formate,alkyloxymethan.es, tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane,tetraethoxymethane, tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,tetratert-butpxy-methane, potassium pryophosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimet{circumflex over( )}hylortho-butyrate, triethylortho-butyrate, trimet hylorthovalerate,trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane, diethoxyethane,tetramethpxymethane, triethoxymethylmethane, tri-methoxymethylmethane,tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane,glacia acetic acid, acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, ethylester (acetyloxy) acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo aceticacid hydrazide, ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid,ethoxyacetic acid, methoxy ethyl ester of ;>>acetic acid, methoxy methylester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy ethylester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, oxoaceticacid, an alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid, methylesterhydro-xyaceticacid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid, propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid,alkyl acetates, methyl ester acetic acid ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite,methyl ester of butanic acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid,2-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester ofbutanic acid, 2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate,dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate,tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine oxide,triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic acid, dimethylphosphinic acid,ethyl diethylphosphinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl esterphosphonic acid, (1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethylester phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethylesterphosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methylmonoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester phosphonic acid,methyl-O,O-dimethylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phosphoricacid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate,ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, triethyl esterester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, O,O,O,-triethyl esterphosphorothioic acid, diethylester phosphorous acid, dimethylesterphosphorous acid, tributyl ester phosphorous acid, triphenyl esterphosphorous acid, O,O,S-tiethyl ester phosphorodithioic acid,2-methyl-1,2,propanediol, 2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3,-propanediol,2-methyl-2-propyl-l,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2,propanediol,1,1′,1″,1′″-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetrakis propane, methylpropyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethyl propylether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether, 1,1′-[methylenebis (oxy)]bis [2-methyl-propane, methylethoxy)-propane,2,2′,2″-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)] tris propane,1,1′,1″-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris[2-methyl propane, 2-methyl-1-nitropropane, 2-methyl-2-nitro propane, hydracrylonitrile,1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-triethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane,1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2-pyrrolidinone, phenol, and mixture.12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the compound is selected fromgroup consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetra-methylsilane,dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane,tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane,tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite,trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite,triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethyl-methylphosphonate,diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium pryo-phosphite,trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, tri-methylorthobutyrate,triethylorthobutyrate, tri-methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,including homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixturethereof. The composition of claim 2, additionally containing a glycolether or a nitrogen containing compound.